Water Resources Of The Modder River Basin -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Water Resources Of The Modder River Basin? Answer: Introducation The rainwater harvesting can be simply understood as storage of rainwater and its distribution for using it inside and outside house and businesses. In Australia, the climate has a characteristic of dynamism as a result of various oceanic currents and changes in atmospheric climate (Glendenning, Van Ogtrop, Mishra and Vervoort, 2012). The weather cycles use to vary at regular intervals because of which, droughts and floods use to occur and water storage in dams also use to vary. It is evident that the population is increasing at a faster rate day by day. As a result the consumption of rain water is also more because of which there is a great shortage of rain water (Zakaria, S., Al-Ansari, N., Ezz-Aldeen, and Knutsson, 2012). This type of shortage in freshwater motivated government and people to utilise the rain water, for later usage. The process of collecting water is followed by a systematic way according to which rain water is stored on top of the house so that it can be collected in tanks and can be utilised later for various works. To solve the major issue related to dealing with sustainable management of water, there can be two solutions, either find an alternative source of water or make consumption of water in a limited way (Dile, Karlberg, Temesgen and Rockstrm, 2013). In present research, an attempt has been made to analyse the Australias condition where shortage of fresh water is common. Besides this, the research will carry out study to find out various actions that has been taken by government and concerned parties to reform the situation. As a result of the pressure that has been evidenced as a result of fresh water shortage in Australia, various steps were taken which were aimed to address proper waste management, water supply control and quality control. The cost of installing water tanks differ from area to area. The regions with more humidity have more ability to earn back the entire invested amount as compared to dry areas. It is essential in the urban areas to have plan for rain water harvesting and a good management related to water cycle. Therefore, in Australia, steps taken towards this development may result into effective results. Research aims and objectives The plan for rainwater harvesting in different regions at global level is common which favour a number of factors and ways that can help in this purpose. Use of tanks and other similar resources for collecting water is a common practice (Ward, Butler and Memon, 2012). However, it is essential to use the tanks and similar tools of optimum size so as to contribute towards the collection of water in a wise way. Therefore selection of water tanks must be done as per the pattern of rainfall in an area and the demand of water for a particular region. Thus, following to this approach, the aim of the present research has been set as, To store the rainwater in optimum quantity through tanks of selected weather stations in Sydney. Following to stated aim of the project, several objectives have been set which are as follows: To attain the basic equations of various weather stations in Sydney for saving water annually in dry and wet seasons. To analyse the validity of basic equation by making a comparison through spreadsheet model. On the basis of above stated aims and objectives, a deeper analysis of Sydney and condition prevailing there related to rainwater harvest will be carried out. Research scope The present time is based on modernisation where all types of works are based on newer techniques. Along with these advancements, there has been a considerable accounting of enhancement in the population. With the growing number of population, needs of people has risen. The usage of freshwater among people has grown because of which there is a great scarcity of water at global level (Imteaz, Rahman, and Ahsan, 2012). Use of water in daily routine for washing, bathing, flushing, cooking and many more has resulted into shortage of fresh water that can be used for drinking purpose. For saving fresh water, it is a wise method to collect the rainwater through establishment of rain water tanks. However, it is apparent that use of this system has not generated desired results because of lack in various parameters like size of tank and its ability to pay back the invested amount (Welderufael, Woyessa, and Edossa, 2013). The scope of present research has been set to develop the spread sheet m odels so as to make a correct estimation of tank sizes that are optimum. The pre requisite for ensuring the optimum size of water tanks, it is essential to compute the basic equations in right way by utilising the spread sheet models for both dry and wet years. These general equations are basically meant for calculating annual water saving and reliability (Vargas-Parra, Villalba and Gabarrell, 2013). In the present research, the spreadsheet models have a great importance as it will be helpful in computing the variation in rainfall in future time and its affect on tank sizes which differs as per the changes in climatic conditions due to global warming. Water related facts and figures of Australia The average annual rainfall that is received by Australia is less than 600 mm. The summers are too hot in Australia except some of the cities which are located within South coastal area. The seasonal fluctuations related to rainfall are more in main parts of the country (Agudelo-Vera, Leduc, Mels, and Rijnaarts, 2012). The wet season of the year in Australia is generally the period of November to April. These seasons are said to be wet as most of the rainfall throughout the year, use to occur in these months. Similarly, the dry season of country is usually from May to October, when there is hot weather. The driest area of the country is in vicinity of Lake Eyre situated in South Australia. The average annual rainfall received by this area is less than 150mm (DeBusk, Hunt and Wright, 2013). While the area which receive highest range of rainfall is, east coast of Queensland. From the studies, it is found that the pattern of rainfall in Australia is highly seasonal. Besides this, in rec ent times, the increasing temperature in various parts of Australia indicates the dry season which has also resulted in less rainfall. On the basis of such rainfalls in various areas the consumption pattern related to water is also different. As per the reports, the level of consuming water use to vary in entire Australia (Jha, Chowdary, Kulkarni and Mal, 2014). The average usage of water in coastal areas is 100 litres person while within dry areas; the consumption level is high which may reach up to 800litres per person. Apart from this, the usage of water besides household functions like in factories and industries average use reaches up to 150 litres per person. Water related facts and figures of Sydney Sydney is the most populated city of Australia where the consumption of water is more both in-house and within various industries and commercial sectors. To fulfil the demands and needs related to water in this city, about 1.4 billion water is supplied daily. As per the reports, on an average basis, various individuals use about 295 litres of water daily. The average rainfall in Sydney annually is 1222 mm which covers a good range of rainfall. Apart from this, as per the reports published in 2016, it was discovered that population increase by 6% in the stated city yet the consumption of water was same as it was in the year of 2014 (Cook, Sharma and Chong, 2013). Apart from this, about 14 billion litre of water which was consumed by the population was recycled and reached to 44 billion litre of water. The daily usage of water was also less as compared to the previous year which shows that the programmes related to water conservation and management has been successful. In addition to t his, more than 70% of water is used for household purposes while the rest of amount is utilised in industrial and commercial purpose. Government actions The government took various actions and started different programmes so that public can be encouraged for saving water and energy for future use. As per this, the government of New South Wales introduced a new system called BASIX (Building Sustainability Index). According to this programme, it was decided to reward the residential house, a BASIX certificate if they successfully achieve the target of saving about 40% of water and 25% energy (Ishaku, Majid and Johar, 2012). Therefore, with the help of BASIX tool, an assessment was used to be done which helped in checking the usage of water and energy in the houses. Apart from this, the programme was also helpful in setting various other alternative operations that can be applied for saving water and energy in the city. The article of BASIX contains many information and suggestions related to saving of water among which using water tanks is also one of them. In addition to above stated programme of BASIX, another initiative was taken by government was rainwater tanks and dual flush rebates. As per this programme, the residential people will be allowed rebates on rainwater tank ranging from $150 for tank of 2000 litre capacity. Apart from this, according to dual flush rebates, about $200 incentive was provided to the residential customers for replacing their traditional single flush toilet with the 4 star dual flush toilets (Gwenzi, Dunjana, Pisa, Tauro and Nyamadzawo, 2015). In addition to this, one of the most successful programmes of Sydney was Waterfix. This programme was aimed at encouraging the installation of 3 star rated showerheads, tap flow controllers and toilet cistern flush regulators. Apart from this, the programme arranged for repairs of various types of leaks by a professional plumber as well. Rainwater harvesting The rainwater harvesting is a method which is used or the purpose of storing rain water into natural tanks so that it can be used for various purposes later instead of wasting it by allowing running off. At residential level, this rainwater is collected on the roofs of house so that it can be collected in storage tanks. Size and types of rainwater tank A large number of water tanks are available in market that are of different sizes as per the requirements. The major decision about sizes of water tank is taken on the basis of demand, pattern of rainfall in the region and catchment area. By considering all these factors, an appropriate size of water tank can be selected for use which would be economical for the user. There are various designs and models that are available in water tanks which are efficient to serve the main purpose if storing water. Hence, the major types of rain water tanks are stated below: Round poly water tanks: This type of water tanks are the most popular ones which has a good capacity of storing water and also available in economic ranges. These tanks are available from the range of 340litres to 34000 litres of water storing capacity. This type of storage tanks are good value for money deals (Thomas, Kirisits, Lye and Kinney, 2014). They are available in wide range as per the modern and stylish designs as well in different colours. Slimline tanks: The slimline tanks are basically helpful for the customers who have limited space for water tanks. Therefore, its designing is mainly based on space efficient dimensions. However, the capacity of these tanks range from 450 to 5000 litres of storage efficiency. Thus, for the narrow and tight spaces, this type of water tanks can be of considerable use. Underground water tanks: The underground water tanks are most useful when the space is limited. The storage capacity of these tanks range from 3000 to 5000 litres and fixed in underground out of the sight. These tanks can be fixed under yards and driveways which are not visible outside and also serves the purpose of good storage of water (Imteaz, Ahsan and Shanableh, 2013). However, this type of tanks requires proper excavation before fixing it so as to avoid any type of damages. Storage walls: These are some special purpose storage method of water tank which is made of plastic. These tanks are also designed for use in limited spaces but the range of such tanks are quite costly than other types of water tanks. Benefits of rainwater tank According to research, in 2015-16, the wastage of water in Sydney increased for which it was necessary to install the system of water tanks in residential houses. There are a number of benefits that can be taken from installation of water tanks. By installing a water tank, the usage of water in toilets, gardens and laundry can be made limited. It can reduce the strain on storm water drainages A good control on run offs and flood peaks Reduction in the water bills by controlling the usage of water. It can provide water with fewer amounts of salts and other substances. The rainwater tanks are usually cheaper where it is evident that installing a large size of water tanks is a better idea. The small tanks are costlier as it requires some special purpose techniques that can be easily fixed in limited spaces. A normal range of water tank is available in AU$600- AU$2000. However, the cost and size of tanks differ from each other as per the usage and requirements. The cost of water tanks vary from each other as the cost of installation, plumbing cost and various accessories that are used for its installation differs according to requirements. The Australian government is providing various types of rebates as well on these water tanks so that its usage can be encouraged among people. Research outline The present study on Rainwater harvesting related to Sydney, the research has been structured as per the stated outline: Chapter 1: The first chapter is based on introduction, where the background of topic is given. Besides this, the chapter includes research scope in which the description of various attempted areas has been given. Further, there has been a study based on facts and figures of Australia and Sydney about the rain water. Chapter 2: The second chapter states about the various researches that has been done in past for collecting information about the rainwater tanks and different techniques that are used for rain water harvesting in Australia and Sydney. Chapter 3: The next chapter includes the research methodology explaining the technique and methods that has been applied for collecting data ion rainfall. For this purpose, spreadsheet model will be used which will help in computing the payback period of water tanks. Chapter 4: The fourth chapter includes the results that is generalised from the collected data so that a discussion on these obtained results can be done. The results will be obtained from spreadsheet model and payback period table, Background The large part of country is presently facing the issue of shortage in fresh water that is available in limited quantity. It is essential to adopt some wise methods that can help in saving water so that in future, enough quantity of water can be saved for use (Fernandes, Terncio and Pacheco, 2015). In this objective, the rainwater harvesting is a very wise method that can be applied for saving rainwater for future usage. The rain water can be harvested through various methods like installing large water tanks, reservoirs etc. According to Umapathi, Chong and Sharma, (2013) many developments have come through in present time as compared to past which can be useful in storing and collecting rain water. Besides this, a continuous research has been carried out so as to find out various methods which can help in collection of rain water for its usage (Opare, 2012). The major requirements for installing a system that can be used for collecting rainwater are mentioned below: Roof: The rainwater first of all falls on roofs and then passes over other areas of the houses. To collect maximum rainwater, it is essential to have roofs with smoother surface, concrete and tiles and roofs of non corrosive metals (Silva, Sousa and Carvalho, 2015). Gutter: The rainwater falling from the roof is ultimately get collected in narrow channels which are known as gutters (Campisano and Modica, 2015). Some common types of gutter are half round gutters, Aluminium and copper, seamless aluminium, vinyl etc. Debris trap: It can be defined as a filter in which there are small holes which are connected with downspout. The main work of this debris trap is to restrict debris to enter into water tanks. Water tank: The water tank is the pre requisite for collecting water so as to harvest the rainwater. These tanks are available in various sizes and price ranges as per the requirements. The rainwater gets collected in this after passing various other constituents (Devkota, Schlachter and Apul, 2015). Water pump: The water pumps are required for supplying water from tanks to other desired locations. Besides this, the water pumps are also useful in managing the water pressure with the help of submersible and standing pumps. Worldwide research on rainwater harvesting The quality of water in Australia is controlled by a developed approach of fit-for purpose. The Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC) has released various guidelines that are helpful in managing and harvesting the rainwater. According to Stec and Kordana, (2015), these guidelines are based on risk based approach where storm water harvesting can be adopted for saving water. The guidelines released by the government of Australia have separate section for managing the roof water. As per these guidelines, it is essential for the system to meet the criteria and guidelines for management of rainwater. Apart from this, to manage the storm water, there are some council who makes an assessment of the regions to manage the saving of water. In the views of Wanjiru and Xia, (2015), the management of storm water is largely dependent upon the catchment areas. It is evident that the rainwater tanks that are used for storing water pass through a number of biological and chemical pr ocesses. As per this, the quality of water use to differ. The guidelines that ate released by Australia for managing rainwater makes clear specifications for connections, designing of gutters etc. apart from this, Ambrose and Winfrey, (2015) states that a large number of population is largely dependent upon the rainwater tanks solely for drinking water. Therefore, Australian government provides different guidelines at regular intervals so as to guide them for proper management of water and maintenance of its quality. Thus, with the help of government intervention, water is wisely managed and stored for future purpose. Research on rainwater harvesting in Australia From last 15 years, Sydney is continuously taking initiatives for saving water. It has initiated a number of programmes that can help in saving water in an efficient way. Some of the major programmes developed in Sydney for harvesting water are residential programs, leak management program, business sector programs etc. As per ...., the results obtained from various programs show positive growth towards saving of water. The residential program of Sydney includes various strategies that are helpful in managing the water and its harvesting through encouragement among people. Apart from this, under business sector programs, one to one partnerships are provided to the major industrial and commercial institutes who use more than 50ML of water per day. A monitoring programme is developed who use to monitor the leaks and usage of water in industrial sectors. Those industries which adopt best practices for saving water can take part in Bizfix and Smart rinse programs. In addition to above, the leak management program has a number of elements which are used for proper control of leakages system. As per this system, leak detection and repairs have been arranged so that wastage of water can be checked. The pressure of water is also managed under this so as to control high pressures in the water flow system. .... state that the water recycling in Sydney has been initiated at wider level which has given great results. About 30% of water is saved through this recycling program which is quite good figure towards saving of water. Government has also aided in management and saving of water by providing professional plumbers in case of leakages in the water system. In addition to this, various small to medium businesses are encouraged to use water wisely through various partnership programs and other schemes. Research on rainwater harvesting in Sydney As per the view point of Moniruzzaman and Imteaz (2017) with an aim to examine the effectiveness of rainwater tanks number of studies have been conducted upon 10 different places in Sydney. In this regard, water based simulation model was taken into consideration in the current study. By using this model researcher can examine the appropriateness of rainwater tanks on the basis of number of dimensions such as size of tank, reliability, water saving and financial suitability etc. Herein, the results entailed that total yearly saving from rainwater tank totally depends upon specific average annual rainfall. Moreover, the study also revealed that 5kl is the suitable size of tank in Sydney than 3kl and 2kl. In Sydney 5kl is effective because there are number of financial benefits are attached to it. Furthermore, it was also recommended to the local government of Sydney that it should make measure in terms of encouraging its citizens for rainwater harvesting. This can be done if government maketing significant increment in its rebate rate. In addition to this, as per the study of Haque, Rahman and Samali (2016) the material and the roof which are used to make tank plays very important role in the task of storing high quality water. Thus, the result respective researcher study states that it is the responsibility of people that they should clean different devices such as overflow diverter and first flush etc in order to get high quality stored water. As per the view point of Amos and Rahman (2016) single houses in Sydney make use of 3kl water tanks. This given size of tank does not provide maximum benefit. Thus, the study revealed that with an aim to gain maximum benefits citizens of Sydney should install 5kl water tank. Thus, by complying with all these type of activities rain wa ter can be harvested in Sydney in an effective way. Future scenarios and benefits of rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting is an efficient and convenient way that helps store the fresh water from the rains in a tank or collection area, which can be used later for multiple purposes. The benefits of rainwater harvesting are many, but a few prominent ones are discussed here (Opare, 2012). Rainwater harvesting performs the multi activity of supply of fresh and pure water in the water shortage scenario, act as a mechanism to mitigate water crisis. It is a very economical and sustainable technique for dealing with the problems of fresh water availability. It enables the water supply chain to meet the rising everyday needs of consumption. Since the method only demands storage tanks and collection areas to be constructed, it is a very economical and pocket friendly method (Umapathi, Chong and Sharma, 2013). Of the various advantages, one is that the process of collection of rainwater can be done on a domestic basis even by the common people at their home. The harvesting techniques also enabl e us to develop ground water levels which have fallen down due to excessive water consumption and exploitation. Helpful in maintaining soil moisture, keeping the vegetation alive and meeting the everyday needs can be credited as the advantages harnessed the task of rainwater harvesting. The Australian government is working on meeting the targets set for water supply, water security and storm water peak flow management aspects. The future prospects of developing rainwater harvesting are brightly considered. Successful events are conducted to spread the awareness and involve more people (Devkota, Schlachter and Apul, 2015). The approach for sustainable housing and the setting the energy and water targets for harvesting has brought the method of water harvesting as a approachable future prospective. 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