Human Resource Management Information System - 1731 Words

Week Five Assignment: HRIS Internet Paper Adrian Jackson Student Number: 4494931 American Public University System Professor Emilia Butu Human Resource Management Information Systems- HRMT 415 Session D, Summer 2014 3 October 2014 Introduction As times change so does the way organizations handle business. As organizations change practices HRM must change to remain an inaugural part of the organization. As a HR Director of a large corporation it is a must to understand Human Resource Information Systems or HRIS. With many HRIS functions such as e-recruiting, self-service technology, and E-Learning and training becoming the norm, a HR Director has to have a working knowledge of HRIS to be able to successfully manage a HR department and make sure the organization is able to compete with rival companies in recruiting and employee satisfaction. In this paper we will discuss these three topics and I will attempt to give detailed information to help better understand how each is an important part of HRIS. E-Recruiting For a few months now I myself have been playing around with e-recruiting trying to fig-ure out how it works so that when I finish my degree and I reach the end of my Air Force career I will already have knowledge of these systems. Because of this I found the e-recruiting week’s lesson very interesting. Just from playing around on the internet I thought online job recruiting sites where just electronic depositories for applications and resumes and thatShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Information System And Human Resources Management System1399 Words   |  6 PagesHRIS, which is also known as a human resource information system or human resource management system (HRMS), is basically an intersection of human resources and information technology through HR software. This allows HR activities and processes to occur electronically. To put it another way, a HRIS may be viewed as a way, through software, for businesses big and small to take care of a number of activities, including those related to human resources, accounting, management, and payroll. A HRIS allowsRead MoreHuman Resources Information System in Management of Human Resources2435 Words   |  10 PagesHuman Resources Information System in Management of Human Resources Contents 1.0 Introduction 2 2.0 Case studies one 2 2.1 Description 2 2.2 Advantages 3 2.3 Challenges 4 2.4 Organizational advantage 4 3.0 Case studies two 5 3.1 Description 5 3.2 Advantages 5 3.3 Challenges 6 3.4 Organizational advantage 7 4.0 Conclusion 7 5.0 References 8 1.0 Introduction In today s corporate world information system has come to play a very criticalRead MoreHuman Resources Information System ( Hrms ) Human Resource Management System2230 Words   |  9 Pagesas Human Resources Information System or (HRMS) Human Resource Management System, is actually a hybrid of human resources and information technology by HR software. This allows HR activities and processes to be carried out electronically. Human Resources Information System is a system that can keep track of all your employees and information to keep. It is, as a rule in a database or, more generally carried out in a series of connected databases. These include the name and contact information andRead MoreThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (Hris) in Strategic Human Resource Management (Shrm)19886 Words   |  80 PagesThe Role of Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) in Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) Asafo-Adjei Agyenim Boateng Master of Science Theses in Accounting Swedish School Of Economics and Business Administration 2007 HANKEN-Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration Department: Accounting Type of Work: Master of Science Thesis Author: Asafo-Adjei Agyenim Boateng Date: 4th August, 2007 Title of Thesis THE ROLE OF HRIS IN STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Abstract: InformationRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Information System1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthese we need to work as a supportive work team. Assessment 1 Human resource information system HRIS is essentially an integration of human resource and information technologies linked through specific software. It makes HR actions and process to occur through a computerised application. It has the following functions: o Retaining of staffs o Staff recruitment o HR administrations o Staff management o HR plans o Staff learning managements o Staff performance records o Staff self services o HR schedulesRead MoreCmgt 575 Week 5929 Words   |  4 Pagesasks to analyze the current human resource system to integrate the existing variety of tools in use today win a single integrated application (University of Phoenix Virtual Organizations, 2012). The current Human Resource Information System (HRIS) was installed in 1992 and was actually part of the financial systems package as part of the finance department. (University of Phoenix Virtual Organizations, 2012). Since the early 90’s, the advent and development of information technology has come to fruitionRead MoreQuestions On Human Resource Information System1588 Words   |  7 Pagesthese we need to work as a supportive work team. Assessment 1 Human resource information system HRIS is essentially an integration of human resource and information technologies linked through specific software. It makes HR actions and process to occur through a computerised application. It has the following functions: o Retaining of staffs o Staff recruitment o HR administrations o Staff management o HR plans o Staff learning managements o Staff performance records o Staff self services o HR schedulesRead MorePlanning the Needs of Other Organizations861 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning the Needs of Other Organizations Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) are databases used for keeping track of essential personnel data within organizations. They can be designed and customized to fit the needs of various companies in many different industries (Tatum, 2011). The primary purpose of an HRIS is to make the management of employees more efficient. The HRIS System can be used to identify and track job applicants and maintain status on current employees. All stagesRead MoreAnalysis Of Adp As A System For Federal Mogul1088 Words   |  5 Pagesa HRIS System for Federal-Mogul Now that we have taken a look at the minimum required hardware and software of the ADP system, let’s examine ADP as a Human Resource Information System, or HRIS for short. A great HRIS system provides critical data about the human resource function of the business as well as helping to create a follow through on the business’s mission and goals. HRIS systems help to reduce organizational costs by contributing to the efficiency of the human resource management functionRead MoreCastle Family Restaurant Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesCourse Project: Stage II Name HRM340: Human Resource Information Systems INTRODUCTION Various types of HRIS systems and processes have been reviewed to help Jay Morgan and Family Castle Restaurant run more efficiently as a business. Jay Morgan the Operations Manager, have been using outdated methods for scheduling, recruiting, hiring, and answering questions from its employees. Maintaining accurate books and keeping constant communication with the Managers have been a challenge

Vaccines And Its Effects On Children - 914 Words

Vaccines have saved millions of lives since they were first invented hundreds of years ago. But, they continue be a much debated topic among doctors and parents. Their benefits are often disputed because of so-called dangers related to their administration. Although vaccines are extremely effective, parents still have the power to decide if their children will receive them or not. As a result of parents choosing to not vaccinate their children, others may become ill and government spending increases. The potential for illnesses to spread is high among those who are not vaccinated. This was confirmed recently with the largest measles outbreak in Minnesota history. Twenty one cases were identified, of which sixteen were unvaccinated, and over three thousand individuals were exposed. Among the unvaccinated children, nine were age-eligible for vaccination, and of those nine, seven families had safety concerns about vaccines (Block). However these concerns are, in many doctors’ opi nions, unfounded. In one instance, a private practice dismissed a client because the parents would not consider vaccinating the child. Two short months after the dismissal, the patient contracted pertussis, more commonly known as whooping cough, with significant morbidity rates. If this child had continued to go to the private practice the potential consequences for the other patients would have been very high. Pertussis affects the brain and can even lead to death in infants (Block). Illnesses likeShow MoreRelatedVaccines And Its Effects On Children1404 Words   |  6 Pagesadverse reactions from the vaccines? Today, there are many vaccines, they are in such high demand that even a simple flu has a vaccine. Vaccines are created to protect us. The main function of vaccines it to build our immune system and fight against many bacterias. However, adverse reactions have become severe over the last couple of years, leaving some parents with no child. Therefore, parents shouldn’ t be punished for not vaccinating their children because, vaccines can cause many adverse reactionsRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1503 Words   |  7 Pagesawful diseases, while that is the last thing on most of the world’s minds now. Vaccines have transformed human life. Parents should vaccinate their children because it saves lives, the vaccines are safe, and the risks of not vaccinating can harm children more than the vaccines themselves. Vaccines were created in 1796 by Edward Jenner, an English scientist. Edward Jenner formed the Royal Jennerian Institute when vaccines became more popular, but experienced some opposition towards it because of peopleRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1339 Words   |  6 PagesNowadays, there are many vaccines invented by different scientists. Vaccines are so much in demand that even a simple flu has a certain vaccine. They have been invented to protect us. Its main function is to build our immune system and allow it to work against different kinds of bacteria. However instead of helping us fight against infection and certain diseases, vaccines can be the main cause of infection and diseases. Because of its live-attenuated organism, which means the pathogens were partiallyRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1010 Words   |  5 PagesVaccines Debates have risen lately whether or not to vaccinate children. Although vaccines potentially cause negative side effects, they are a common procedure for most families each year. Over time, several case studies have developed highlighting these side effects and raised concern about whether or not to accept vaccines. However, many people are not familiar with the typical vaccine and what it actually does once inside the body. â€Å"A vaccine is consisted of killed or weakened versions of aRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1325 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines are essential to a person’s everyday life and well-being. A person who sneezed in their hand just touched the same door handle that everyone else does. Most people don’t worry that they touched the same item or breathe the same air as someone else because the risk of them contracting a disease such as polio, or diphtheria are extremely low because most people are vaccinated against such diseases. Without the creation of vaccines the population of the world could be completely eliminatedRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1400 Words   |  6 Pages Vaccines have changed the life of children with making some illnesses obsolete. The majority of parents are making sure that their children get vaccinated against potentially serious diseases. The parents that get their children vaccinated are trying to prevent the reoccurrence of these deadly illnesses. The problem arises when you have these children that have not been vaccinated around children not of age to get the vaccine for a particular disease. The older children get the disease and giveRead MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children1463 Words   |  6 Pagesnot until 1796 when Edward Jenner revolutionized medical technology, with the first record of vaccines. Vaccines have diminished these diseases going from very common to little or none. Setting requirements on vaccines will not assist the reduction or eliminate them, but will also protect our youth from the wide-spread variety of deadly diseases. Multiple individuals do not truly understand what vaccines are and their true benefits and advantages of receiving them. When an individual gets ill,Read MoreVaccines And Its Effects On Children992 Words   |  4 Pages Vaccines, while known as the painful occurrence at the physicians visits of your childhood, are responsible for eradicating many of the deathly diseases of the past. While no child likes being stuck with a needle, guaranteed immunity to certain life altering diseases is worth the slight prick. Recent movements regarding vaccines has shed a negative light on vaccines, and if they continue to grow attention, may bring back some of the diseases that were the initial issue. Vaccines are a very helpfulRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines And Its Effect On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Vaccines Having a baby utterly changes the perspective of the parent. They no longer are self- involved, but now have this new life they brought into the world. Nothing else can give a person the same joy that being a parent can bring. A parent would do anything for their child to protect them and give them the best life imaginable. A parent would never wish an illness upon their child and would do everything in their power to prevent their child from getting sick. With havingRead MoreChildhood Vaccines And Its Effects On Children1528 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussed and debated about whether or not people should vaccinate their children. â€Å"Childhood vaccines offer protection from serious or potentially fatal diseases† (The Mayo Clinic, 2014)†. Vaccinations prevent diseases that can affect a child with symptoms of a cold or in some cases, the disease can be much more serious and can cause disability and death. The problem is that parents are choosing not to vaccinate their children against them. With choosing against vaccinating a child becoming a common

The Crystal Shard 15. On the Wings of Doom Free Essays

string(163) " given them back the promise of action, though the giant leader’s doubts about its decision were far from dispelled by the lusty enthusiasm of the soldiers\." They came in under the cover of a violent squall line that swept down upon Ten-Towns from the open east. Ironically, they followed the same trail along the side of Kelvin’s Cairn that Drizzt and Wulfgar had traveled just two weeks earlier. This band of verbeeg, though, headed south toward the settlements, rather than north to the open tundra. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crystal Shard 15. On the Wings of Doom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though tall and thin – the smallest of the giants – they were still a formidable force. A frost giant led the advanced scout of Akar Kessell’s vast army. Unheard beneath the howling blasts of wind, they moved with all speed to a secret lair that had been discovered by orc scouts in a rocky spur on the southern side of the mountain. There was barely a score of the monsters, but each carried a huge bundle of weapons and supplies. The leader pressed on with all speed toward its destination. Its name was Biggrin, a cunning and immensely strong giant whose upper lip had been torn away by the ripping maw of a huge wolf, leaving the grotesque caricature of a smile forever stamped upon its face. This disfigurement only added to the giant’s stature, instilling the respect of fear in its normally unruly troops. Akar Kessel had personally hand-picked Biggrin as the leader of his forward scouts, though the wizard had been counseled to send a less conspicuous party, some of Heafstaag’s people, for the delicate mission. But Kessell held Biggrin in high regard and was impressed with the enormous amount of supplies the small band of verbeeg could carry. The troop settled into their new quarters before midnight and immediately went about fashioning sleeping areas, storage rooms, and a small kitchen. Then they waited, silently poised to strike the first lethal blows in Akar Kessell’s glorious assault on Ten-Towns. An orc runner came every couple of days to check on the band and deliver the latest instructions from the wizard, informing Biggrin of the progress of the next supply troop that was scheduled to arrive. Everything was proceeding according to Kessell’s plan, but Biggrin noted with concern that many of his warriors grew more eager and anxious every time a new runner appeared, hoping that the time to march to war was finally upon them. Always the instructions were the same, though: Stay hidden and wait. In less than two weeks in the tense atmosphere of the stuffy cave, the comradery between the giants had disintegrated. Verbeeg were creatures of action, not contemplation, and boredom led them inescapably to frustration. Arguments became the norm, often leading to vicious fights. Biggrin was never far away, and the imposing frost giant usually managed to break up the scuffles before any of the troops were seriously wounded. The giant knew beyond any doubt that it could not keep control of the battlehungry band for much longer. The fifth runner slipped into the cave on a particularly hot and uncomfortable night. As soon as the unfortunate orc entered the common room, it was surrounded by a score of grumbling verbeeg. â€Å"What’s the news, then?† one of them demanded impatiently. Thinking that the backing of Akar Kessell was sufficient protection, the orc eyed the giant in open defiance. â€Å"Fetch your master, soldier,† it ordered. Suddenly a huge hand grabbed the orc by the scruff of the neck and shook the creature roughly. â€Å"Yous was asked a question, scum,† said a second giant. â€Å"What’s the news?† The orc, now visibly unnerved, shot back an angry threat at its giant assailant. â€Å"The wizard will peel the skin from your hide while you watch!† â€Å"I heared enough,† growled the first giant, reaching down to clamp a huge hand around the orc’s neck. It lifted the creature clear off the ground, using only one of its massive arms. The orc slapped and twisted pitifully, not bothering the verbeeg in the least. â€Å"Aw, squeeze its filthy neck!† came one call. â€Å"Put its eyes out an’ drop it in a dark hole!† said another. Biggrin entered the room, quickly pushing through the ranks to discover the source of the commotion. The giant wasn’t surprised to find the verbeeg tormenting an orc. In truth, the giant leader was amused by the spectacle, but it understood the danger of angering the volatile Akar Kessell. It had seen more than one unruly goblin put to a slow death for disobeying, or simply to appease the wizard’s distorted taste for pleasure. â€Å"Put the miserable thing down,† Biggrin ordered calmly. Several groans and angry grumbles sprang up around the frost giant. â€Å"Bash its ‘ead in!† cried one. â€Å"Bites its nose!† yelled another. By now, the orc’s face had grown puffy from lack of air, and it hardly struggled at all. The verbeeg holding it returned Biggrin’s threatening stare for a few moments longer, then tossed its helpless victim at the frost giant’s booted feet. â€Å"Keep it then,† the verbeeg snarled at Biggrin. â€Å"But if it wags its tongue at me agin, I’ll eats it fer sure!† â€Å"I’ve ‘ad too much o’ this hole,† complained a giant from the back of the ranks. â€Å"An’ a whole dale o’ filthy dwarfs fer the taken’!† The grumbling renewed with heightened intensity. Biggrin looked around and studied the seething rage that had crept into all of the troops, threatening to bring down the whole lair in one sudden fit of irrepressible violence. â€Å"Tomorrow night we starts goin’ out t’ see whats about us,† Biggrin offered in response. It was a dangerous move, the frost giant knew, but the alternative was certain disaster. â€Å"Only three at a time, an’ no one’s to know!† The orc had regained a measure of composure and heard Biggrin’s proposal. It started to protest, but the giant leader silenced it immediately. â€Å"Shut yer mouth, orc dog,† Biggrin commanded, looking to the verbeeg that had threatened the runner and smiling wryly. â€Å"Or I’ll lets me friend eat!† The giants howled their glee and exchanged shoulderclaps with their companions, comrades again. Biggrin had given them back the promise of action, though the giant leader’s doubts about its decision were far from dispelled by the lusty enthusiasm of the soldiers. You read "The Crystal Shard 15. On the Wings of Doom" in category "Essay examples" Shouts of the various dwarven recipes the verbeegs had concocted – â€Å"Dwarf o’ the Apple† and â€Å"Bearded, Basted, an’ Baked† to name two – rang out to overwhelming hoots of approval. Biggrin dreaded what might happen if any of the verbeeg came upon some of the short folk. * * * Biggrin let the verbeeg out of the lair in groups of three, and only during the nighttime hours. The giant leader thought it unlikely that any dwarves would travel this far north up the valley, but knew that it was taking a huge gamble. A sigh of relief escaped from the giant’s mouth whenever a patrol returned without incident. Simply being allowed out of the cramped cave improved the verbeeg’s morale tenfold. The tension inside the lair virtually disappeared as the troops regained their enthusiasm for the coming war. Up on the side of Kelvin’s Cairn they often saw the lights of Caer-Konig and Caer-Dineval, Termalaine across the way to the west, and even Bryn Shander far to the south. Viewing the cities allowed them to fantasize about their upcoming victories, and the thoughts were enough to sustain them in their long wait. Another week slipped by. Everything seemed to be going along well. Witnessing the improvement the small measure of freedom had brought to his troops, Biggrin gradually began to relax about the risky decision. But then two dwarves, having been informed by Bruenor that there was some fine stone under the shadow of Kelvin’s Cairn, made the trip to the north end of the valley to investigate its mining potential. They arrived on the southern slopes of the rocky mountain late one afternoon, and by dusk had made camp on a flat rock beside a swift stream. This was their valley, and it had known no trouble in several years. They took few precautions. So it happened that the first patrol of verbeeg to leave the lair that night soon spotted the flames of a campfire and heard the distinctive dialect of the hated dwarves. * * * On the other side of the mountain, Drizzt Do’Urden opened his eyes from his daytime slumber. Emerging from the cave into the growing gloom, he found Wulfgar in the customary spot, poised meditatively on a high stone, staring out over the plain. â€Å"You long for your home?† the drow asked rhetorically. Wulfgar shrugged his huge shoulders and answered absently, â€Å"Perhaps.† The barbarian had come to ask many disturbing questions of himself about his people and their way of life since he had learned respect for Drizzt. The drow was an enigma to him, a confusing combination of fighting brilliance and absolute control. Drizzt seemed able to weigh every move he ever made in the scales of high adventure and indisputable morals. Wulfgar turned a questioning gaze on the drow. â€Å"Why are you here?† he asked suddenly. Now it was Drizzt who stared reflectively into the openness before them. The first stars of the evening had appeared, their reflections sparkling distinctively in the dark pools of the elf’s eyes. But Drizzt was not seeing them; his mind was viewing long past images of the lightless cities of the drow in their immense cavern complexes far beneath the ground. â€Å"I remember,† Drizzt recalled vividly, as terrible memories are often vivid, â€Å"‘the first time I ever viewed this surface world. I was a much younger elf then, a member of a large raiding party. We slipped out from a secret cave and descended upon a small elven village.† The drow flinched at the images as they flashed again in his mind. â€Å"My companions slaughtered every member of the wood elf clan. Every female. Every child.† Wulfgar listened with growing horror. The raid that Drizzt was describing might well have been one perpetrated by the ferocious Tribe of the Elk. â€Å"My people kill,† Drizzt went on grimly. â€Å"They kill without mercy.† He locked his stare onto Wulfgar to make sure that the barbarian heard him well. â€Å"They kill without passion.† He paused for a moment to let the barbarian absorb the full weight of his words. The simple yet definitive description of the cold killers had confused Wulfgar. He had been raised and nurtured among passionate warriors, fighters whose entire purpose in life was the pursuit of battle-glory – fighting in praise of Tempos. The young barbarian simply could not understand such emotionless cruelty. A subtle difference, though, Wulfgar had to admit. Drow or barbarian, the results of the raids were much the same. â€Å"The demon goddess they serve leaves no room for the other races,† Drizzt explained. â€Å"Particularly the other races of elves.† â€Å"But you will never come to be accepted in this world,† said Wulfgar. â€Å"Surely you must know that the humans will ever shun you.† Drizzt nodded. â€Å"Most,† he agreed. â€Å"I have few that I can call friends, yet I am content. You see, barbarian, I have my own respect, without guilt, without shame.† He rose from his crouch and started away into the darkness. â€Å"Come,† he instructed. â€Å"Let us fight well this night, for I am satisfied with the improvement of your skills, and this part of your lessons nears its end.† Wulfgar sat a moment longer in contemplation. The drow lived a hard and materially empty existence, yet he was richer than any man Wulfgar had ever known. Drizzt had clung to his principles against overwhelming circumstances, leaving the familiar world of his own people by choice to remain in a world where he would never be accepted or appreciated. He looked at the departing elf, now a mere shadow in the gloom. â€Å"Perhaps we two are not so different,† he mumbled under his breath. * * * â€Å"Spies!† whispered one of the verbeeg. â€Å"Stupid fer spyin’ with a fire,† said another. â€Å"Lets go squash ’em!† said the first, starting toward the orange light. â€Å"The boss said no!† the third reminded the others. â€Å"We’s to watch, but no squashin’!† They started down the rocky path toward the small camp of the dwarves with as much stealth as they could muster, which made them about as quiet as a rolling boulder. The two dwarves were well aware that someone or something was approaching. They drew their weapons as a precaution, but figured that Wulfgar and Drizzt, or perhaps some fishermen from Caer-Konig, had seen their light and were coming to share dinner with them. When the camp came into sight just below, the verbeeg could see the dwarves standing firm, weapons in hand. â€Å"They’s seen us!† said one giant, ducking into the darkness. â€Å"Aw, shut up,† ordered the second. The third giant, knowing as well as the second that the dwarves could not as yet know who they were, grasped the second’s shoulder and winked evilly. â€Å"If they’s seen us,† it reasoned, â€Å"we’s got no choice but to squash ’em!† The second giant chuckled softly, poised its heavy club on its shoulder, and started for the camp. The dwarves were completely stunned when the verbeeg came bounding around some boulders just a few yards from their camp and closed in on them. But a cornered dwarf is pound for pound as tough as anything in the world, and these were of the clan from Mithril Hall who had been waging battles on the merciless tundra for all of their lives. This fight would not be as easy as the verbeeg had expected. The first dwarf ducked a lumbering swing from the lead verbeeg and countered by slamming his hammer onto the monster’s toes. The giant instinctively lifted its injured foot and hopped on one leg, and the seasoned dwarf fighter promptly cut it down by bashing him in the knee. The other dwarf had reacted quickly, launching his hammer with pinpoint accuracy. It caught another giant in the eye and spun the creature crashing into some rocks. But the third verbeeg, the smartest of the three, had picked up a stone before it had charged and returned the dwarf’s throw with tremendous force. The stone deflected off the unfortunate dwarf’s temple, snapping his neck violently to the side. His head lolled about uncontrollably on his shoulders as he fell dead to the ground. The first dwarf would have soon finished off the giant he had felled, but the last of the monsters was upon him at once. The two combatants parried and countered, with the dwarf actually gaining a bit of an advantage. An advantage that lasted only until the giant who had been struck in the eye by the thrown hammer recovered enough to jump in. The two verbeeg rained blow after heavy blow at the dwarf. He managed to dodge and deflect them for a short while, but then one landed squarely on his shoulder and dropped him to his back. He found his breath in a short time, for he was as tough as the stone he had landed on, but a heavy boot stomped on him and held him prone. â€Å"Squish ‘im!† begged the injured giant the dwarf had cut down. â€Å"Then we takes ‘im to the cook!† â€Å"We does not!† growled the giant above the dwarf. It ground its huge boot into the earth, slowly pressing the life from the unfortunate victim. â€Å"Biggrin’ll take us to the cook if ‘e finds us out!† The other two grew genuinely afraid when they were reminded of the wrath of their brutal leader. They looked helplessly to their more cunning companion for a solution. â€Å"We puts ’em an’ their filthy things in a dark hole and says nothin’ more o’ this!† * * * Many miles to the east, in his solitary tower, Akar Kessell waited patiently. In the autumn, the last – and largest – of the trading caravans would roll back into Ten-Towns from Luskan, laden with riches and supplies for the long winter. His vast armies would be assembled and on the move by then, marching gloriously to destroy the pitiful fishermen. The mere thought of the fruits of his easy victory sent shivers of delight through the wizard. He had no way of knowing that the first blows of the war had already been struck. How to cite The Crystal Shard 15. On the Wings of Doom, Essay examples

Water Resources Of The Modder River Basin -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Water Resources Of The Modder River Basin? Answer: Introducation The rainwater harvesting can be simply understood as storage of rainwater and its distribution for using it inside and outside house and businesses. In Australia, the climate has a characteristic of dynamism as a result of various oceanic currents and changes in atmospheric climate (Glendenning, Van Ogtrop, Mishra and Vervoort, 2012). The weather cycles use to vary at regular intervals because of which, droughts and floods use to occur and water storage in dams also use to vary. It is evident that the population is increasing at a faster rate day by day. As a result the consumption of rain water is also more because of which there is a great shortage of rain water (Zakaria, S., Al-Ansari, N., Ezz-Aldeen, and Knutsson, 2012). This type of shortage in freshwater motivated government and people to utilise the rain water, for later usage. The process of collecting water is followed by a systematic way according to which rain water is stored on top of the house so that it can be collected in tanks and can be utilised later for various works. To solve the major issue related to dealing with sustainable management of water, there can be two solutions, either find an alternative source of water or make consumption of water in a limited way (Dile, Karlberg, Temesgen and Rockstrm, 2013). In present research, an attempt has been made to analyse the Australias condition where shortage of fresh water is common. Besides this, the research will carry out study to find out various actions that has been taken by government and concerned parties to reform the situation. As a result of the pressure that has been evidenced as a result of fresh water shortage in Australia, various steps were taken which were aimed to address proper waste management, water supply control and quality control. The cost of installing water tanks differ from area to area. The regions with more humidity have more ability to earn back the entire invested amount as compared to dry areas. It is essential in the urban areas to have plan for rain water harvesting and a good management related to water cycle. Therefore, in Australia, steps taken towards this development may result into effective results. Research aims and objectives The plan for rainwater harvesting in different regions at global level is common which favour a number of factors and ways that can help in this purpose. Use of tanks and other similar resources for collecting water is a common practice (Ward, Butler and Memon, 2012). However, it is essential to use the tanks and similar tools of optimum size so as to contribute towards the collection of water in a wise way. Therefore selection of water tanks must be done as per the pattern of rainfall in an area and the demand of water for a particular region. Thus, following to this approach, the aim of the present research has been set as, To store the rainwater in optimum quantity through tanks of selected weather stations in Sydney. Following to stated aim of the project, several objectives have been set which are as follows: To attain the basic equations of various weather stations in Sydney for saving water annually in dry and wet seasons. To analyse the validity of basic equation by making a comparison through spreadsheet model. On the basis of above stated aims and objectives, a deeper analysis of Sydney and condition prevailing there related to rainwater harvest will be carried out. Research scope The present time is based on modernisation where all types of works are based on newer techniques. Along with these advancements, there has been a considerable accounting of enhancement in the population. With the growing number of population, needs of people has risen. The usage of freshwater among people has grown because of which there is a great scarcity of water at global level (Imteaz, Rahman, and Ahsan, 2012). Use of water in daily routine for washing, bathing, flushing, cooking and many more has resulted into shortage of fresh water that can be used for drinking purpose. For saving fresh water, it is a wise method to collect the rainwater through establishment of rain water tanks. However, it is apparent that use of this system has not generated desired results because of lack in various parameters like size of tank and its ability to pay back the invested amount (Welderufael, Woyessa, and Edossa, 2013). The scope of present research has been set to develop the spread sheet m odels so as to make a correct estimation of tank sizes that are optimum. The pre requisite for ensuring the optimum size of water tanks, it is essential to compute the basic equations in right way by utilising the spread sheet models for both dry and wet years. These general equations are basically meant for calculating annual water saving and reliability (Vargas-Parra, Villalba and Gabarrell, 2013). In the present research, the spreadsheet models have a great importance as it will be helpful in computing the variation in rainfall in future time and its affect on tank sizes which differs as per the changes in climatic conditions due to global warming. Water related facts and figures of Australia The average annual rainfall that is received by Australia is less than 600 mm. The summers are too hot in Australia except some of the cities which are located within South coastal area. The seasonal fluctuations related to rainfall are more in main parts of the country (Agudelo-Vera, Leduc, Mels, and Rijnaarts, 2012). The wet season of the year in Australia is generally the period of November to April. These seasons are said to be wet as most of the rainfall throughout the year, use to occur in these months. Similarly, the dry season of country is usually from May to October, when there is hot weather. The driest area of the country is in vicinity of Lake Eyre situated in South Australia. The average annual rainfall received by this area is less than 150mm (DeBusk, Hunt and Wright, 2013). While the area which receive highest range of rainfall is, east coast of Queensland. From the studies, it is found that the pattern of rainfall in Australia is highly seasonal. Besides this, in rec ent times, the increasing temperature in various parts of Australia indicates the dry season which has also resulted in less rainfall. On the basis of such rainfalls in various areas the consumption pattern related to water is also different. As per the reports, the level of consuming water use to vary in entire Australia (Jha, Chowdary, Kulkarni and Mal, 2014). The average usage of water in coastal areas is 100 litres person while within dry areas; the consumption level is high which may reach up to 800litres per person. Apart from this, the usage of water besides household functions like in factories and industries average use reaches up to 150 litres per person. Water related facts and figures of Sydney Sydney is the most populated city of Australia where the consumption of water is more both in-house and within various industries and commercial sectors. To fulfil the demands and needs related to water in this city, about 1.4 billion water is supplied daily. As per the reports, on an average basis, various individuals use about 295 litres of water daily. The average rainfall in Sydney annually is 1222 mm which covers a good range of rainfall. Apart from this, as per the reports published in 2016, it was discovered that population increase by 6% in the stated city yet the consumption of water was same as it was in the year of 2014 (Cook, Sharma and Chong, 2013). Apart from this, about 14 billion litre of water which was consumed by the population was recycled and reached to 44 billion litre of water. The daily usage of water was also less as compared to the previous year which shows that the programmes related to water conservation and management has been successful. In addition to t his, more than 70% of water is used for household purposes while the rest of amount is utilised in industrial and commercial purpose. Government actions The government took various actions and started different programmes so that public can be encouraged for saving water and energy for future use. As per this, the government of New South Wales introduced a new system called BASIX (Building Sustainability Index). According to this programme, it was decided to reward the residential house, a BASIX certificate if they successfully achieve the target of saving about 40% of water and 25% energy (Ishaku, Majid and Johar, 2012). Therefore, with the help of BASIX tool, an assessment was used to be done which helped in checking the usage of water and energy in the houses. Apart from this, the programme was also helpful in setting various other alternative operations that can be applied for saving water and energy in the city. The article of BASIX contains many information and suggestions related to saving of water among which using water tanks is also one of them. In addition to above stated programme of BASIX, another initiative was taken by government was rainwater tanks and dual flush rebates. As per this programme, the residential people will be allowed rebates on rainwater tank ranging from $150 for tank of 2000 litre capacity. Apart from this, according to dual flush rebates, about $200 incentive was provided to the residential customers for replacing their traditional single flush toilet with the 4 star dual flush toilets (Gwenzi, Dunjana, Pisa, Tauro and Nyamadzawo, 2015). In addition to this, one of the most successful programmes of Sydney was Waterfix. This programme was aimed at encouraging the installation of 3 star rated showerheads, tap flow controllers and toilet cistern flush regulators. Apart from this, the programme arranged for repairs of various types of leaks by a professional plumber as well. Rainwater harvesting The rainwater harvesting is a method which is used or the purpose of storing rain water into natural tanks so that it can be used for various purposes later instead of wasting it by allowing running off. At residential level, this rainwater is collected on the roofs of house so that it can be collected in storage tanks. Size and types of rainwater tank A large number of water tanks are available in market that are of different sizes as per the requirements. The major decision about sizes of water tank is taken on the basis of demand, pattern of rainfall in the region and catchment area. By considering all these factors, an appropriate size of water tank can be selected for use which would be economical for the user. There are various designs and models that are available in water tanks which are efficient to serve the main purpose if storing water. Hence, the major types of rain water tanks are stated below: Round poly water tanks: This type of water tanks are the most popular ones which has a good capacity of storing water and also available in economic ranges. These tanks are available from the range of 340litres to 34000 litres of water storing capacity. This type of storage tanks are good value for money deals (Thomas, Kirisits, Lye and Kinney, 2014). They are available in wide range as per the modern and stylish designs as well in different colours. Slimline tanks: The slimline tanks are basically helpful for the customers who have limited space for water tanks. Therefore, its designing is mainly based on space efficient dimensions. However, the capacity of these tanks range from 450 to 5000 litres of storage efficiency. Thus, for the narrow and tight spaces, this type of water tanks can be of considerable use. Underground water tanks: The underground water tanks are most useful when the space is limited. The storage capacity of these tanks range from 3000 to 5000 litres and fixed in underground out of the sight. These tanks can be fixed under yards and driveways which are not visible outside and also serves the purpose of good storage of water (Imteaz, Ahsan and Shanableh, 2013). However, this type of tanks requires proper excavation before fixing it so as to avoid any type of damages. Storage walls: These are some special purpose storage method of water tank which is made of plastic. These tanks are also designed for use in limited spaces but the range of such tanks are quite costly than other types of water tanks. Benefits of rainwater tank According to research, in 2015-16, the wastage of water in Sydney increased for which it was necessary to install the system of water tanks in residential houses. There are a number of benefits that can be taken from installation of water tanks. By installing a water tank, the usage of water in toilets, gardens and laundry can be made limited. It can reduce the strain on storm water drainages A good control on run offs and flood peaks Reduction in the water bills by controlling the usage of water. It can provide water with fewer amounts of salts and other substances. The rainwater tanks are usually cheaper where it is evident that installing a large size of water tanks is a better idea. The small tanks are costlier as it requires some special purpose techniques that can be easily fixed in limited spaces. A normal range of water tank is available in AU$600- AU$2000. However, the cost and size of tanks differ from each other as per the usage and requirements. The cost of water tanks vary from each other as the cost of installation, plumbing cost and various accessories that are used for its installation differs according to requirements. The Australian government is providing various types of rebates as well on these water tanks so that its usage can be encouraged among people. Research outline The present study on Rainwater harvesting related to Sydney, the research has been structured as per the stated outline: Chapter 1: The first chapter is based on introduction, where the background of topic is given. Besides this, the chapter includes research scope in which the description of various attempted areas has been given. Further, there has been a study based on facts and figures of Australia and Sydney about the rain water. Chapter 2: The second chapter states about the various researches that has been done in past for collecting information about the rainwater tanks and different techniques that are used for rain water harvesting in Australia and Sydney. Chapter 3: The next chapter includes the research methodology explaining the technique and methods that has been applied for collecting data ion rainfall. For this purpose, spreadsheet model will be used which will help in computing the payback period of water tanks. Chapter 4: The fourth chapter includes the results that is generalised from the collected data so that a discussion on these obtained results can be done. The results will be obtained from spreadsheet model and payback period table, Background The large part of country is presently facing the issue of shortage in fresh water that is available in limited quantity. It is essential to adopt some wise methods that can help in saving water so that in future, enough quantity of water can be saved for use (Fernandes, Terncio and Pacheco, 2015). In this objective, the rainwater harvesting is a very wise method that can be applied for saving rainwater for future usage. The rain water can be harvested through various methods like installing large water tanks, reservoirs etc. According to Umapathi, Chong and Sharma, (2013) many developments have come through in present time as compared to past which can be useful in storing and collecting rain water. Besides this, a continuous research has been carried out so as to find out various methods which can help in collection of rain water for its usage (Opare, 2012). The major requirements for installing a system that can be used for collecting rainwater are mentioned below: Roof: The rainwater first of all falls on roofs and then passes over other areas of the houses. To collect maximum rainwater, it is essential to have roofs with smoother surface, concrete and tiles and roofs of non corrosive metals (Silva, Sousa and Carvalho, 2015). Gutter: The rainwater falling from the roof is ultimately get collected in narrow channels which are known as gutters (Campisano and Modica, 2015). Some common types of gutter are half round gutters, Aluminium and copper, seamless aluminium, vinyl etc. Debris trap: It can be defined as a filter in which there are small holes which are connected with downspout. The main work of this debris trap is to restrict debris to enter into water tanks. Water tank: The water tank is the pre requisite for collecting water so as to harvest the rainwater. These tanks are available in various sizes and price ranges as per the requirements. The rainwater gets collected in this after passing various other constituents (Devkota, Schlachter and Apul, 2015). Water pump: The water pumps are required for supplying water from tanks to other desired locations. Besides this, the water pumps are also useful in managing the water pressure with the help of submersible and standing pumps. Worldwide research on rainwater harvesting The quality of water in Australia is controlled by a developed approach of fit-for purpose. The Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council (NRMMC) has released various guidelines that are helpful in managing and harvesting the rainwater. According to Stec and Kordana, (2015), these guidelines are based on risk based approach where storm water harvesting can be adopted for saving water. The guidelines released by the government of Australia have separate section for managing the roof water. As per these guidelines, it is essential for the system to meet the criteria and guidelines for management of rainwater. Apart from this, to manage the storm water, there are some council who makes an assessment of the regions to manage the saving of water. In the views of Wanjiru and Xia, (2015), the management of storm water is largely dependent upon the catchment areas. It is evident that the rainwater tanks that are used for storing water pass through a number of biological and chemical pr ocesses. As per this, the quality of water use to differ. The guidelines that ate released by Australia for managing rainwater makes clear specifications for connections, designing of gutters etc. apart from this, Ambrose and Winfrey, (2015) states that a large number of population is largely dependent upon the rainwater tanks solely for drinking water. Therefore, Australian government provides different guidelines at regular intervals so as to guide them for proper management of water and maintenance of its quality. Thus, with the help of government intervention, water is wisely managed and stored for future purpose. Research on rainwater harvesting in Australia From last 15 years, Sydney is continuously taking initiatives for saving water. It has initiated a number of programmes that can help in saving water in an efficient way. Some of the major programmes developed in Sydney for harvesting water are residential programs, leak management program, business sector programs etc. As per ...., the results obtained from various programs show positive growth towards saving of water. The residential program of Sydney includes various strategies that are helpful in managing the water and its harvesting through encouragement among people. Apart from this, under business sector programs, one to one partnerships are provided to the major industrial and commercial institutes who use more than 50ML of water per day. A monitoring programme is developed who use to monitor the leaks and usage of water in industrial sectors. Those industries which adopt best practices for saving water can take part in Bizfix and Smart rinse programs. In addition to above, the leak management program has a number of elements which are used for proper control of leakages system. As per this system, leak detection and repairs have been arranged so that wastage of water can be checked. The pressure of water is also managed under this so as to control high pressures in the water flow system. .... state that the water recycling in Sydney has been initiated at wider level which has given great results. About 30% of water is saved through this recycling program which is quite good figure towards saving of water. Government has also aided in management and saving of water by providing professional plumbers in case of leakages in the water system. In addition to this, various small to medium businesses are encouraged to use water wisely through various partnership programs and other schemes. Research on rainwater harvesting in Sydney As per the view point of Moniruzzaman and Imteaz (2017) with an aim to examine the effectiveness of rainwater tanks number of studies have been conducted upon 10 different places in Sydney. In this regard, water based simulation model was taken into consideration in the current study. By using this model researcher can examine the appropriateness of rainwater tanks on the basis of number of dimensions such as size of tank, reliability, water saving and financial suitability etc. Herein, the results entailed that total yearly saving from rainwater tank totally depends upon specific average annual rainfall. Moreover, the study also revealed that 5kl is the suitable size of tank in Sydney than 3kl and 2kl. In Sydney 5kl is effective because there are number of financial benefits are attached to it. Furthermore, it was also recommended to the local government of Sydney that it should make measure in terms of encouraging its citizens for rainwater harvesting. This can be done if government maketing significant increment in its rebate rate. In addition to this, as per the study of Haque, Rahman and Samali (2016) the material and the roof which are used to make tank plays very important role in the task of storing high quality water. Thus, the result respective researcher study states that it is the responsibility of people that they should clean different devices such as overflow diverter and first flush etc in order to get high quality stored water. As per the view point of Amos and Rahman (2016) single houses in Sydney make use of 3kl water tanks. This given size of tank does not provide maximum benefit. Thus, the study revealed that with an aim to gain maximum benefits citizens of Sydney should install 5kl water tank. Thus, by complying with all these type of activities rain wa ter can be harvested in Sydney in an effective way. Future scenarios and benefits of rainwater harvesting Rainwater harvesting is an efficient and convenient way that helps store the fresh water from the rains in a tank or collection area, which can be used later for multiple purposes. The benefits of rainwater harvesting are many, but a few prominent ones are discussed here (Opare, 2012). Rainwater harvesting performs the multi activity of supply of fresh and pure water in the water shortage scenario, act as a mechanism to mitigate water crisis. It is a very economical and sustainable technique for dealing with the problems of fresh water availability. It enables the water supply chain to meet the rising everyday needs of consumption. Since the method only demands storage tanks and collection areas to be constructed, it is a very economical and pocket friendly method (Umapathi, Chong and Sharma, 2013). Of the various advantages, one is that the process of collection of rainwater can be done on a domestic basis even by the common people at their home. The harvesting techniques also enabl e us to develop ground water levels which have fallen down due to excessive water consumption and exploitation. Helpful in maintaining soil moisture, keeping the vegetation alive and meeting the everyday needs can be credited as the advantages harnessed the task of rainwater harvesting. The Australian government is working on meeting the targets set for water supply, water security and storm water peak flow management aspects. The future prospects of developing rainwater harvesting are brightly considered. Successful events are conducted to spread the awareness and involve more people (Devkota, Schlachter and Apul, 2015). The approach for sustainable housing and the setting the energy and water targets for harvesting has brought the method of water harvesting as a approachable future prospective. With the participation from citizens the concept is now embedded and deployed as the whole of government approach. References Agudelo-Vera, C.M., Leduc, W.R., Mels, A.R. and Rijnaarts, H.H., 2012. Harvesting urban resources towards more resilient cities. Human Resources Management, Conservation and Recycling,64, pp.3-12. Ambrose, R.F. and Winfrey, B.K., 2015. Comparison of stormwater biofiltration systems in Southeast Australia and Southern California.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water,2(2), pp.131-146. Amos, C.C. and Rahman, A., 2016. Rainwater harvesting potential in Sydney: Are we harvesting enough?. In37th Hydrology Water Resources Symposium 2016: Water, Infrastructure and the Environment. pp. 422. Campisano, A. and Modica, C., 2015. Appropriate resolution timescale to evaluate water saving and retention potential of rainwater harvesting for toilet flushing in single houses.Journal of Hydroinformatics,17(3), pp.331-346. Cook, S., Sharma, A. and Chong, M., 2013. Performance analysis of a communal residential rainwater system for potable supply: a case study in Brisbane, Australia.Water resources management,27(14), pp.4865-4876. DeBusk, K.M., Hunt, W.F. and Wright, J.D., 2013. Characterizing rainwater harvesting performance and demonstrating stormwater management benefits in the humid southeast USA.JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association,49(6), pp.1398-1411. Devkota, J., Schlachter, H. and Apul, D., 2015. Life cycle based evaluation of harvested rainwater use in toilets and for irrigation.Journal of Cleaner Production,95, pp.311-321. Dile, Y.T., Karlberg, L., Temesgen, M. and Rockstrm, J., 2013. The role of water harvesting to achieve sustainable agricultural intensification and resilience against water related shocks in sub-Saharan Africa.Agriculture, ecosystems environment,181, pp.69-79. Fernandes, L.F.S., Terncio, D.P. and Pacheco, F.A., 2015. Rainwater harvesting systems for low demanding applications.Science of The Total Environment,529, pp.91-100. Fernandes, L.F.S., Terncio, D.P. and Pacheco, F.A., 2015. Rainwater harvesting systems for low demanding applications.Science of The Total Environment,529, pp.91-100. Glendenning, C.J., Van Ogtrop, F.F., Mishra, A.K. and Vervoort, R.W., 2012. Balancing watershed and local scale impacts of rain water harvesting in IndiaA review.Agricultural Water Management,107, pp.1-13. Gwenzi, W., Dunjana, N., Pisa, C., Tauro, T. and Nyamadzawo, G., 2015. Water quality and public health risks associated with roof rainwater harvesting systems for potable supply: Review and perspectives.Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology,6, pp.107-118. Haque, M.M., Rahman, A. and Samali, B., 2016. Evaluation of climate change impacts on rainwater harvesting.Journal of Cleaner Production,137, pp.60-69. Imteaz, M.A., Ahsan, A. and Shanableh, A., 2013. Reliability analysis of rainwater tanks using daily water balance model: Variations within a large city.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,77, pp.37-43. Imteaz, M.A., Rahman, A. and Ahsan, A., 2012. Reliability analysis of rainwater tanks: a comparison between South-East and Central Melbourne.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,66, pp.1-7. Ishaku, H.T., Majid, M.R. and Johar, F., 2012. Rainwater harvesting: an alternative to safe water supply in Nigerian rural communities.Water resources management,26(2), pp.295-305. Jha, M.K., Chowdary, V.M., Kulkarni, Y. and Mal, B.C., 2014. Rainwater harvesting planning using geospatial techniques and multicriteria decision analysis.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,83, pp.96-111. Moniruzzaman, M. and Imteaz, M.A., 2017. Generalized economics, climatic and spatial variabilities of potential rainwater savings: A case study for Sydney.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,125, pp.139-156. Opare, S., 2012. Rainwater harvesting: an option for sustainable rural water supply in Ghana.GeoJournal,77, pp.695-705. Silva, C.M., Sousa, V. and Carvalho, N.V., 2015. Evaluation of rainwater harvesting in Portugal: application to single-family residences.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,94, pp.21-34. Stec, A. and Kordana, S., 2015. Analysis of profitability of rainwater harvesting, gray water recycling and drain water heat recovery systems.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,105, pp.84-94. Thomas, R.B., Kirisits, M.J., Lye, D.J. and Kinney, K.A., 2014. Rainwater harvesting in the United States: a survey of common system practices.Journal of cleaner production,75, pp.166-173. Umapathi, S., Chong, M.N. and Sharma, A.K., 2013. Evaluation of plumbed rainwater tanks in households for sustainable water resource management: a real-time monitoring study.Journal of Cleaner Production,42, pp.204-214. Vargas-Parra, M.V., Villalba, G. and Gabarrell, X., 2013. Applying exergy analysis to rainwater harvesting systems to assess resource efficiency.Resources, Conservation and Recycling,72, pp.50-59. Wanjiru, E.M. and Xia, X., 2015. Energy-water optimization model incorporating rooftop water harvesting for lawn irrigation.Applied Energy,160, pp.521-531. Ward, S., Butler, D. and Memon, F.A., 2012. Benchmarking energy consumption and CO2 emissions from rainwater?harvesting systems: an improved method by proxy.Water and Environment Journal,26(2), pp.184-190. Welderufael, W.A., Woyessa, Y.E. and Edossa, D.C., 2013. Impact of rainwater harvesting on water resources of the modder river basin, central region of South Africa.Agricultural water management,116, pp.218-227. Zakaria, S., Al-Ansari, N., Ezz-Aldeen, M. and Knutsson, S., 2012. Rain water harvesting at eastern Sinjar Mountain, Iraq.Geoscience Research,3(2), p.100. Zakaria, S., Al-Ansari, N., Knutsson, S. and Ezz-Aldeen, M., 2012. Rain water harvesting and supplemental irrigation at Northern Sinjar Mountain, Iraq.Journal of Purity, Utility Reaction and Environment,1(3), pp.121-141.

The Movie Exhibition Industry

Deliverable 1 The Motion Picture Industry Value Chain Could the motion picture industry add value to their productions if they concentrated on only one venture? Most of the distribution in the market is done by the divisions of major studios. The studio’s investments span across various major fields and this makes the management of the investment a great challenge. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Movie Exhibition Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More If the studio’s concentrated only on movie production, the quality of their productions would increase. They would channel all their energies into creating new movie ideas and this would definitely appeal to their target audience. The Business of Exhibition Could movie exhibitors find other ways of adding value to the customer while gaining revenue? Most of the profits made by exhibitors are from the sale of concessions. The food served at the movies has gradually increased in price but the quality has remained the same. If movie exhibitors diversified their food options and incorporated alcohol in their drinks options, their high food prices would be justified and the customer base would be increased if they added food options for vegetarians. The Theater Experience Now that people can watch movies in their own home, what can movie exhibitors do now to gain that competitive advantage over home theatre systems and offer customers something that their home theatre system cannot? In order to stay in business, the theaters can open smaller branches closer to the living areas so that the people do not have to go through long drives to get to the movies. They should be placed around malls where a lot of people frequent for necessities like food. This would attract customers who had gone to the mall for other reasons and have time to spare. Raising the Exhibition Curtain in 2011 and Beyond How can exhibitors ensure that they re tain their customers with the current economic recession? The exhibitors are overcharging the customers and this has reduced the number of people willing to go to the movies. The exhibitors should be considerate when they set their price. The customers understand a small price hike due to recession but extreme price hikes as have been witnessed, are affecting the number of people going for movies. Deliverable 2 Is the lack of competition from new investors causing these companies to deliver low standard services? How much more do the exhibitors need to do in order to maintain the theater experience do they need to shift to a completely different type of service that no other entertainment venue can offer for that same price? How can the theaters survive the hard economic times while ticket prices are rising, the number of people going to movies is dropping, and the numbers of theatres are increasing? Deliverable 3 The motion picture industry seems to be lacking competition from ne w investors. If there were more studios producing movies, there would be more ideas being made into different movies. This would attract more movie goers. Similarly, if more companies invested in exhibition, the competition would force the exhibitors offer better services. For exhibitors to create a great experience for movie goers they can improve the food they sell and more food options availed. The people working at the movies should also be polite to the customers and treat them well. For theaters to still make a profit without overpricing the tickets, they could reduce the number of staff they have by introducing computerized ticket sale point and drink buying points. They could save on the workers salaries and still run a profitable and efficient business.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Movie Exhibition Industry was written and submitted by user Malaysia Alvarez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Imigration and Discrimination in the 1920s Essays - Free Essays

Imigration and Discrimination in the 1920's Essays - Free Essays Imigration and Discrimination in the 1920's American History Imigration and Discrimination in the 1920's Beginning in the early nineteenth century there were massive waves of immigration. These "new" immigants were largely from Italy, Russia, and Ireland. There was a mixed reaction to these incomming foreigners. While they provided industries with a cheap source of labor, Americans were both afraid of, and hostile towards these new groups. They differed from the "typical American" in language, customs, and religion. Many individuals and industries alike played upon America's fears of immigration to further their own goals. Leuchtenburg follows this common theme from the beginning of World War I up untill the election of 1928. If there was one man who singlely used America's fear of immigrants to advance his own political goals it was Attorney General Palmer. The rise of Communism in Russia created a fear of its spread across Europe, and to America. Palmer tied this fear to that of immigration. He denounced labor unions, the Socialist party, and the Communist party in America, as being infultrated with radicals who sought to overturn America's political, economic, and social institutions. Palmer exasperated this fear in Americans and then presented himself as the country's savior, combatting the evils of Communism. He mainly centered his attack on Russian immigrants. During the infamous Palmer raids thousands of aliens were deported and even more were arrested on little or no evidence. Their civil liberties were violated, they were not told the reasons for their arrests, denied counsel, and not given fair trials. What followed was an investigation of Palmer led by Louis Post which overturned many of Palmer's actions. Palmer's cretability was shattered after in a last minute attempt to gain the 1920 presidencial nomination, he made predictions about a May Day radical uprising, the nation perpared itself, but on May 1st 1920 all was peaceful. While the raids had stopped, the hostilities towards immagrants still remained prevelent. Immigrants were used by organized industries as a source of cheap labor. But as labor unions began to form and push for better pay, shorter hours, and improved working conditions industries saw that it was not as easy to exploit these immigrants as it had been before. Like Palmer, they tied the American's hostilities towards immigrants to the newly emerging fear of radicalism. When workers struck, industry leaders turned public opinion agains them by labling the strikes as attemps at radical uprising. As a result, workers were often left with no other choice than to accept the terms of industry management. The fight for prohabition was aided by America's antagonism for immigrants. Protestants and "old-stock" Americans attempted to link alchol with Catholic-Irish and Italian immigrants. They were viewed as immoral and corrupt for their vice. Prohabition was a means of counterattacking the evils of the urban cities and their immigrant dwellers. In addition, the rise of the KKK was a direct result of the hostilities harbored towards the immigrant population. Started by native born, white, Protestants, the KKK was afraid of "the encroachment of foreigners," expecially those who answered to a foreign Pope as their religious authority. Playing upon these fears, the KKK gained support and was it's members were able to politically control parts of Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, and much of Indiana.

Marketing Research and Information Needs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Research and Information Needs - Essay Example Companies still mishandle 'line extension' projects that fail. It is imperative that new products for development be carefully chosen, "product strategy calls for complex decisions, among others, on product mix and product line" (Kotler and Armstrong, 1991, pp. 512-513). There has been a continuous rise in the demand for healthy snacks all over the world. This trend was essentially started in the United States as a result of a new health craze and obesity scare due to rising number of weight levels. Consumers now want to minimize their fat intake as well as reduce ingestion of other potential damaging sugar - substitute substances. This tendency to buy only 'healthy' foods has extended to the snack - food and drink sector where consumers want to enjoy snacks but at the same time not feel guilty or worried about potential damage to their health. The new trend towards healthier choices in snack - food was revealed by the speedy swap from carbonated drinks and carbohydrate ridden foods to 'non- carbs', "But with worldwide sales growth of carbonated beverages slowing, the growth lately has been found in non-carbonated beverages such as bottled water, teas, sports drinks, energy and health drinks, and ready-to-drink coffee" (Ashton, 2000). Health snacks had resulted in an entirely new mar... Carbonate- free drinks eventually led to a rise in the sports and energy drink sector. This market was originally dominated by PepsiCo's Gatorade and laid back SoBe. However, Coca Cola saw the potential in this sector and followed PepsiCo into energy drinks. Coca cola launched its original attempt in energy and sports drinks with PowerAde. PowerAde was declared a competitor to Gatorade and was marketed accordingly. Reaction to PowerAde in the market was feeble and Gatorade continued to lead. After several re - launches and alternations and modifications in the ingredients, PowerAde is now second runner up in the sports drink sector while Gatorade persists in remaining the first. Coca Cola started an energy drink brand, KMX, but still felt a gap in the market. Reactions to KMX were far from warm and Coca Cola required a product to fill up the space. In the first quarter of 2005, Coca Cola introduced Full Throttle, an energy drink. Full Throttle will compete with strong brands such as Red Bull as well as PepsiCo's SoBe range. External Pressures Leading to Change Requirement PepsiCo is swiftly gaining force in the international snack food market. Their success is credited largely to their lack of sentiment for their star performers, as Brady (2004) puts it, "What distinguishes PepsiCo from some competitors is an intense lack of sentimentality about its principal brands". PepsiCo asserts that it is keener to satisfying its customer's needs than preserving its existing product lines. New product introduction is PepsiCo's strategy of staying competitive, "By defining its mission as serving the customer rather than protecting its venerable brands, PepsiCo is hoping to stave off a stagnant middle age" (Brady, 2004). In order to continue to be innovative and to

Do We Really Listen To Young Children An Investigation into The Essay

Do We Really Listen To Young Children An Investigation into The Importance of Listening to Young Children In Early Years Sittin - Essay Example The question whether do we really listen to young children brings about a few thoughts to a person’s mind. Questions such as how much importance is provided to listening to children and how they have been they treated by the adult world needs to be unearthed. It is significant to note that children are least noticed or listened to at the earlier stages. In many circumstances the early intervention into the life of the children would lead to solving many issues related to their life. Moreover, the careful examination on the unique individualities of children will help others find out the mysteries that surround children, their feelings, thoughts and creativity during the early years of life. The characteristic attributes are attained at an early stage. So it can be said that the life of each children is highly valued and so the educators at the early years sitting should clearly listen to the activities of the children who are entrusted to their care. It is important to recogni se that a number of factors has influenced the growing interest in listening to children. ... Background: In many countries children are treated as having not much of importance. Much negligence was reported on children all over the world. This prompted various organisations and persons to look into the matter very seriously. In 1904 the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act was established in England and hence forward many laws came into force on the rights of children in the country. The UN assembly too shared its concern for the rights of children all over the world. 1979 was considered as the International year of children and the Assembly decided to pass a convention on the rights of children. It was adopted in the year 1989 and Britain ratified this law in 1991. The country stresses much importance on the well being of the children. Children under five are placed in babysitting and the government makes ample measures for the overall development of children at this stage. Many strategies are implemented for the total development of children in the country. All these nece ssitate the importance of children’s rights as subjects of the state. In the recent years, the government agendas in England have focused on the need to involve children in policy and service design. There has been a strong feeling that the provision and evaluation of services used by children, or which affect them, should be given priority. Whereas consultation with older children is given importance in the recent years, the case for younger children is much different and they are not given due respect for their opinions. Significantly, listening to children has been regarded as an integral part of understanding their needs and feelings from their early experiences. Linda Kinney maintains, â€Å"there were two key outcomes from our work on consultation with

Media and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Media and Society - Essay Example In the case of children Chaves describes that children who have a greater exposure to violent movies choose to play violent games whereas others who do not watch television do not follow the same pattern. This clearly indicates that there is a very strong relationship between a person's behavior and his exposure to media. To further evidence this Wilson's researches are also very useful. Wilson in his research has referred to the Social cognitive theory according to which a child learns and absorbs whatever he sees and is exposed to and modifies his behavior accordingly. Wilson supported his statement by saying that children are really impressed by the super heroes and they try to act like them and as the super heroes have an aggressive behavior hence the children also do. These findings are even more supported by the experiments carried by Hussmann who collected two groups of children exposing one of them to violent movies whereas the other group was not. It was then analyzed that t he children exposed to violent movies developed an aggressive behavior whereas the others did not (Wilson). Media not only affects the behavior of a person but also his habits. Attractive advertisements of different foods attract a person and hence drive a person to eating different types of junk foods. Hence according to chaves such exposure has led to greater instances of obesity. According to chaves experiments media has also played a role in the increased number of smokers belonging to all age groups. The different promotions in magazines, internet and the televisions have grabbed the minds of many viewers and especially children who easily get fascinated while watching people they adore smoking and hence develop such habits themselves. In a similar manner this has also led to an increase in alcohol consumption and use of drugs. Though there is not much evidence to support the fact that media has also driven into early sexual activity but Chaves believed that this is also one of the negative impact that the media has created. Things that were considered to be difficult to talk about are now more easily communicated and talked about because of the exposure to media. Apart from obesity media has also led to other medical problems. Women who become obsessed with models try to become like them and the drive to become slim like them makes them psychological patients pushing them towards anorexia. Heroines and models have started to make females more conscious of their physical appearance than before and this can be harmful for many of them leading to many psychological problems. Wilson gave strong evidences that violence is very common in today's world. Wilson observed that news is the most common mean of media which exposes violence. This argument clearly shows that according to the writer our society is full of violence and aggressive behaviors since the news exposes the real but exaggerated picture of our society and crimes. The exposure of such crimes and violent behaviors are resulting in violent and aggressive attitudes of youth and is continuously harming our

What makes an effective teacher?

What makes an effective teacher? David Camerons Conservative Party recently stated that the Tories will be brazenly elitist about candidates entering the teaching profession as they believe that qualifications make a good teacher. [REF]. However, research shows that a teachers personal characteristics and teaching styles can also be attributed to effective teaching. In 1992, Professor Caroline Gipps, Vice-Chancellor at the University of Wolverhampton and leading expert in educational assessment and learning, published What We Know About effective Primary Teaching. The document suggests that a successful primary teacher: Focuses on the whole class rather than individuals Teaches the whole class while offering help to individuals, or co-operative work where children help each other Teach one subject at a time Praise children as much as possible Have high expectations Encourage challenging talk rather than quiet busy work Use a variety of teaching styles Allow children some independence and be democratic rather than autocratic about work and discipline Matches work to a childs ability Effective teaching is a subject that is repeatedly researched and studied. More recent research shows that good teachers demonstrate a number of characteristics, but there are certain characteristics that underlie the effectiveness of teachers such as empathy and a willingness to work hard. Some people are described as being born to teach, but the personal and moral characteristics needed to be an effective teacher can be developed through practice, watching other effective teachers and learning from their technique. A study carried out by Santrock [2001] identified the main characteristics of effective teachers: CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE TEACHERS Characteristic Total % 1. Has a sense of humour 79 2. Makes the class interesting 73 3. Has knowledge of their subject 70 4. Explains things clearly 66 5. Spends time to help students 65 6. Are fair to their students 61 7. Treats students like adults 54 8. Relates well to students 54 9. Are considerate of students feelings 51 10. Dont show favouritism towards students 46 Santrock, J. (2001) An Introduction to Educational Psychology, London: McGraw Hill, (p.10) Although subject knowledge is ranked third, the study overall shows that personal characteristics are key to effective teaching rather than qualifications. Classroom management is also an important factor as an average school week only provides 25 hours of teaching time with students. An effective teacher organises their students, time, environment and resources in a way that maximises learning opportunities. Effective teachers also motivate and encourage their students to work hard. Through regular assessment and looking closely as what a student is learning and what has been learnt, lessons can be planned accordingly. Teachers need to cater for the skills, abilities and interests of each student by matching work to the needs of the individual. This avoids giving tasks that are impossible to complete and to avoid giving tasks so easy that students learn nothing. Pedagogy: shared working atmosphere; awareness of the needs of each pupil; purposeful well organised classroom; celebration of successes. Need to know the needs of individuals and groups as well as how children learn. Most teachers teach facts, good teachers teach ideas, great teachers teach how to think. (Jonathon Pool). Teachers have to be facilitators: they cannot do the learning for the student. (Carl Rogers). A teacher who likes to explore a subject by using lots of activities can achieve the same success as one who prefers one activityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There is one aspect of personality that no teacher can do without: a willingness to learn and to reflect on teaching. (The Effective Teacher, p.10). Failing teachers often lack self awareness and do not quite know what they are doing or if what they are doing is right or wrong. They are defensive about their teaching methods and cannot take criticism, however constructive it is. [Ref] Define learning 250 Learning can be defined as The process of accumulation and change that marks our growing sense of knowledge. (p.14 The Effective Teacher). Different factors can affect learning and these include the child, the family, society, economy and social structure. Brofenbrenner looked at how children grow up and how that affects the learning process, then linked all of these factors together into his Ecological Systems Theory [1979]. His theory suggests that a childs development is influenced by the social contexts in which they live, with the three main contexts being a childs family, peers and school. The parent and child are placed at the centre of learning. 2. 1.Who the child spends most of their time with is identified and what positive and negative factors that has. 3. The general external factors that influence the learning environment are looked at. Constructivist approach to learning Recall; ability to remember information Understand the information Use or apply knowledge in new situations Break down and interpret information Putting things together; developing new ideas Assess effectiveness of whole concepts; critical thinkingBlooms Taxonomy is a classification of the levels of learning. The cognitive process identifies 6 levels of thought. Based on this theory, the learner has to reach one level before moving on to the next. When used correctly, Blooms Taxonomy can accelerate learning and elevate student interest and achievement, especially for slower learners. [Sousa, D. 2001] How the brain learns What makes an effective learner? 500 Understanding and thinking about how a person learns can enhance motivation and increase achievement. [REF ] A persons learning style is the way he or she concentrates on, processes, internalises and remembers new and difficult academic information or skills. Styles often vary with age, achievement level, culture, global versus analytic processing preference, and gender. [Shaughnessy, 1998]. It is often looked at in terms of a learners preference for visual, auditory and kinaesthetic ways of working. [Burton, 2007]. Encourages a learner to think about how he or she learns. Novice learner: Do not evaluate their comprehension Do not examine their comprehension Do not examine the quality of their work Do not make connections Expert learner: What is the relationship between teaching and learning? 500 Consider which is more important. Actual learning or actual teaching? Support argument with literature and wider reading. 500 There have been many arguments as to which side of the teaching and learning processes are more important. Child centred education the teacher gives the child opportunities to learn. Teacher centred stand and present what they know. Teacher centred education is a traditional approach to teaching where the teacher presents facts to the student by direct instruction. The teacher is at the centre and in charge. Student centred education is a more modern approach where the learner is at the centre of learning and the teacher acts as a facilitator, guiding the student and giving opportunities to learn. Bennett, 1976 Clinical Reasoning Case Study: Knee Osteoarthritis Clinical Reasoning Case Study: Knee Osteoarthritis Abstract Clinical reasoning is the thinking process that escorts clinical practice, it is a multifaceted skill. The aim of this report is to use clinical reasoning to comment on a case of medial compartment one-sided knee osteoarthritis. Using clinical reasoning, an outline of management and manual therapy are designed. Introduction Mendez and Neufeld (2003) defined clinical reasoning as a cognitive process aiming to understand the implications of patient data. It also aims to recognize and diagnose present concrete or latent patient problems, to make clinical well-judged choices to help in problem solving, and to result in encouraging patient outcomes. Factors affecting the outcomes of clinical reasoning can be internal factors linked to health professionals (knowledge, acquaintance with a particular case and their reasoning skills). Patient factors need skills to transfer facts, and explanation of disease condition and treatment alternatives. External factors include health institution potentials, profession-specific structure of treatment, and intricacy of the case (Mendez and Neufeld, 2003). Edwards and others (2004) suggested the following practices of clinical reasoning for a physiotherapist. Diagnostic reasoning, developing a diagnosis based on disability and its impact considering accompanying pain, pathological changes, and contributing factors to the disease. Descriptive reasoning is to understand the patients description and experiences about the disease. Procedural reasoning involves treatment decision making, while communication collaborative reasoning involves setting up a patient-therapist relationship and setting goals for treatment based on interpretation of investigations results. Predictive reasoning is foreseeing the treatment results, and ethical reasoning which needs understanding of the ethical questions about the conduct and goals of treatment. Possible causes and processes of the patients recent complaint: Based on the patients occupation, and history, knee Joint injury herald osteoarthritis in individuals who are in their 30s or 40s, osteoarthritis becomes obvious nearly in every other subject with a previous history of knee injury. A proper interpretation of the existing data infers that at 10 years after suffering an injury to the knee, an average of one third of patients display joint space narrowing on x-ray examination. Twenty years post injury, about half the individuals with history of injury shows similar changes (Roos, 2005). Arthroscopic procedures may cause postoperative knee pain and swelling enough to delay rehabilitative physiotherapy. This should not persist more than two weeks otherwise the patient will be at risk of complications mainly prolonged knee stiffness. (Reuben and Sklar, 2000). Many believe that changes in the knee joint in osteoarthritis reproduce the collective effects of mechanical stress rather than senile degeneration alone. Therefore, it is an occupational disease (Radin, 2004). Patients occupation activities are aggravating factors to develop knee osteoarthritis (Loomis, 2008). Based on the patients symptoms and physical examination findings, the patient may have had a cruciate ligament rupture or added meniscal injury. Because of negative ligament tests, tenderness over medial TFJ joint line, no tenderness of patella tendon, quads tendon, hams tendons insertions, MCL attachments or LCL attachments, and data suggesting positive McMurray manoeuvre. Besides the presence of mild effusion, it is most likely the patient suffers a meniscal injury (Dascola, 2005). Roos (2005) provided a model for the processes responsible for pain and development of osteoarthritis. He assumed the disease needs, being mechanically determined, increased or altered joint load as a precondition to its development. Therefore, joint injury, occupation and aging lead to development and progression of osteoarthritis in one of two possible pathways. First, deconditioning of the musculoskeletal, increased joint loads occur with pain and progression of osteoarthritis. Alternatively, joint instability, misalignment and defective proprioception result joint related changes leading to increased joint loads with pain and disease progression. The patients irritability: At this point, the patient anxiety is because of worsening of pain and movement limitation and worry that he will not be able to continue working or doing everyday activities without significant discomfort. Jinks and others (2007) suggested that a therapist should look at the first onset of joint pain as sign to try preventing future disability. Reasoned identification of need for caution and need for adjustments: Three cardinal patients findings call for caution and adjustment of assessment as they may need change in the plan of manual therapy. These are persistent pain for four months, reduced right knee extension in standing with slight varus deformity. Besides pain limiting knee movement in active and passive flexion and extension with pain and stiffness limiting lateral rotation and stiffness without pain limiting medial rotation. Plain radiography was done following Ottawa knee rules (Jackson and others, 2003) and showed the same findings as the one done two years earlier. The use of MRI in addition provides better prediction of the need for added treatment. Indication of MRI, in this case, is to evaluate pain as it persisted for more than 3-6 weeks (Oel and others 2005). In case MRI is not available, or not covered by insurance, knee ultrasonography can be helpful to assess knee effusion, integrity of tendon and MCL injuries and to rule out minimally displaced patellar cracks (Lin and o thers, 2000). Arthroscopy can be diagnostic and therapeutic for meniscal or ligaments injuries, removal of loose pieces of cartilage or bone. Besides intra-articular steroid injection can be given to manage pain, viscous supplementation, and arthroscopic debridement and washout can ease the mechanical symptoms (Gidwani and Fairbank, 2004). Factors that may be contributing to the patients presenting problems: The slowly developing knee swelling is matching with meniscal injury however, the therapist must consider associated mild ligament sprain. The absence of locking is against meniscal injury, but the giving way points to possible ligament injury or patellar sublaxation. The presence of anterior crepitus may point to ligament injury or patellar problems, however, the active and passive limited range of movement suggest an intra-articular problem (Smith, 2004). This calls to consider the possibility of having combined lesions on top of osteoarthritis. Three more points need communication with the patient, adjusting occupational activities (Loomis, 2008), return to swimming sport practice or perform water exercise being a low knee load exercise (Grainger and Cicuttini, 2004). Also, tell the patient with the potential side effects of NSAID and advice to use topical preparations with safer analgesics as paracetamol (Derbyshire County NHS, 2008). Developing a working hypothesis: According to the patients current situation, expectations, worries and good general health, and knowing the case is most likely to be knee medial compartment osteoarthritis the objectives of manual therapy should be (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003): Minimize pain Decrease disability and enhance functional ability, muscle strength, joint flexibility. Patient education to encourage better work activities, and regain interest in swimming sport. When to start manual treatment and what is the plane: Manual therapy portrays the physical therapist applying passive movements aiming to enhance joint motion and minimize stiffness. It includes passive range of movements, and muscle stretching techniques (Fitzgerald and Oatis, 2004).As this particular case needs a multidisciplinary approach that may involve surgery, manual therapy should start once the process of diagnosis and possible surgical interference finish. It may start in conjunction with pain relief physical therapies as thermotherapy, cryotherapy and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The general rules of static stretching range of motion manual therapy are (Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003): Twice weekly when pain and stiffness are least in 20-30 minutes sessions (Hoeksma and others, 2005). Better to be preceded by warm compresses. To be performed slowly and the range of motion extended to the limit of least subjective pain and resistance. Advice the patient to breath slowly during passive exercise. Hold the terminal stretch for 10-30 seconds. Passive exercises are continuously adjusted according to pain and the duration of holding the static position. Measuring the outcome: The Western Ontario and McMaster University Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) test is a self-report specific measure to assess pain and physical function. Validity of the test was investigated in many studies and showed high levels of consistency and test-retest reliability consistent with clinical practice (Stratford and Kennedy, 2004). The 6-minutes walk test is primarily endurance test originally developed to measure exercise capacity in cardiac and pulmonary patients. Test-retest reliability and responsiveness index (measures improvement after therapy) have been examined and found highly reliable (King and others, 2000). Patients perform these tests at baseline, on the 5th week, and later every 12 weeks of therapy (Hoeksma and others, 2005). Prognosis and expected improvement rate: Jinks and others (2007) stated the outcomes of osteoarthritis are poor quality of life, limited daily activities and disability. However, we know little about the primary influence of joint pain on disability in the older population; also we know little about if such influence is reversible if the pain improves. According to their results, Jinks and others (2007) inferred that decreased physical functions among knee osteoarthritis patients with pain shows how important this symptom is as a possible launching cause to decline of physical activities. Even those whose pain improves are occasionally able to regain their experienced levels of physical activities. The Ottawa Panel (2005) advised the combination of manual therapy and therapeutic exercises especially muscle strengthening exercises to achieve better improvement of pain and function in patients with osteoarthritis knee. Conclusion Clinical reasoning is on of the methods of applying evidence based practice in physiotherapy. A case of medial compartment right knee osteoarthritis presented with pain after minor exercise is subjected to clinical reasoning critical thinking. The case turned to be a multidisciplinary case that needs further investigation and possibly orthopaedic surgeon interference before manual physiotherapy begins. Using clinical reasoning skills and principles, the patients history and clinical findings were analysed, designing principles of a plane of manual therapy, measuring the outcome, and foreseeing prognosis and improvement rate were explained. References Dascola J S, 2005. Injury-related causes of acute knee pain. JAAPA, 18(7), 34-40. Derbyshire County NHS Primary Care Trust, Medicine Management Update, February 2008. Reviewing Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Prescribing-an update on current issues [Online]. No 3. Available from: http://www.derbyshirecountypct.nhs.uk/content/files/key%20messages/NSAID%20UPDATE%20Feb%2008.pdf, [cited 11/07/2008] Edwards I, Jones MA, Carr J, et al, 2004. Clinical reasoning strategies in physical therapy. Physical Therapy, (84), 312-335. Fitzgerald G K and Oatis C, 2004. Role of physical therapy in management of knee osteoarthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol, (16), 143-147. Gidwani, S and Fairbank, A. 2004. Clinical review: The orthopaedic approach to managing osteoarthritis of the knee. BMJ 329: 1220-1224. Grainger R and Cicuttini F, 2004. Medical management of osteoarthritis of the knee and hip joints. MJA, (180), 232-236. Hoeksma H, Dekker J, Ronday H at al, 2005. Manual therapy is more efficient than exercise therapy for osteoarthritis of the hip. Arthritis Care and Research, (51), 722-729. Jackson J L, OMalley, P G and Kroenke, K, 2003. Evaluation of Acute Knee Pain in Primary Care. Ann Intern Med, (139), 575-588. Jinks C, Jordan K and Croft, P, 2007. Osteoarthritis as a public health problem: the impact of developing knee pain on physical function in adults living in the community: (KNEST 3). Rheumatology, (46), 877-881. King M B, Judge J O, Whipple R and Wolfson L, 2000. Reliability and Responsiveness of Two Physical Performance Measure Examined in the Context of a Functional Training Intervention. Phys Ther, (80), 8-16. Lin, J, Fessell, D P, Jacobson, J A et al, 2000. An Illustrated Tutorial of Musculoskeletal Sonography: Part 3, Lower Extremity. AJR, (175), 1313-1321. Loomis D, 2008. Work in brief: Combining new tools with training may enhance ergonomic interventions. Occup. Environ Med., (65), 1. Mendez L and Neufeld J, 2003. Clinical Reasoning: What is it and why should I care? Ottawa, ON, Canada: CAOT Publications ACE. Oel, E H G, Nikken, J J, Ginal A Z, et al, 2005. Acute Knee Trauma: Value of a Short Dedicated Extremity MR Imaging Examination for prediction of Subsequent Treatment. Radiology, (234), 125-133. Ottawa Panel, 2005. Ottawa Panel Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines for Therapeutic Exercises and Manual Therapy in the Management of Osteoarthritis. Phys Ther, (85), 907-971. Radin E L., 2004. Who Gets Osteoarthritis and Why? The Journal of Rheumatology, (31)), (Supplement 70), 10-15. Reuben S S and Sklar J, 2000. Pain Management in Patients Who Undergo Outpatient Arthroscopic Surgery of the Knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am, (82), 1754-1765. Roos E M, 2005. Joint Injury Causes Knee Osteoarthritis in Young Adults. Curr Opin Rheumatol, 17(2), 195-200. Smith, C.C, 2004. Evaluating the Painful Knee: A Hands-on Approach to Acute Ligamentous and Mechanical Injuries. Adv Stud Med, (4(7)), 362-370. Stratford P W and Kennedy D M, 2004. Does parallel item content on WOMACs Pain and Function Subscales limit its ability to detect change in functional status. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, (5), 17-25. Technical Committee Physiotherapy Profession, 2003. Physiotherapy Care Protocol-OA Knee [Online]. Available from: http://www.mpa.net.my, Malaysian Physiotherapy Association.