Abington School District v. Schempp Murray v. Curlett

Abington School District v. Schempp Murray v. Curlett Do public school officials have the authority to pick a particular version or translation of the Christian Bible and have children read passages from that Bible every day? There was a time when such practices occurred in many school districts across the country but they were challenged alongside school prayers and ultimately the Supreme Court found the tradition to be unconstitutional. Schools cannot pick Bibles to be read or recommend that Bibles be read. Fast Facts: Abington School District v. Schempp Case Argued: February 27- 28, 1963Decision Issued:  June 17, 1963Petitioner: School District of Abington Township, PennsylvaniaRespondent:   Edward Lewis SchemppKey Question: Did a Pennsylvania law requiring public school students to participate in religious exercises violate their religious rights as protected by the First and Fourteenth Amendments?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Black, Douglas, Clark, Harlan, White, Brennan, and GoldbergDissenting: Justice StewartRuling: Under the First Amendment’s Establishment Clause, public schools cannot sponsor Bible readings or recitations of the Lord’s Prayer.  Laws requiring participation in religious exercises directly violated the First Amendment.   Background Information Both Abington School District v. Schempp and Murray v. Curlett dealt with state-approved reading of Bible passages before classes in public schools. Schempp was brought to trial by a religious family who had contacted the ACLU. The Schempps challenged a Pennsylvania law which stated that: ...at least ten verses from the Holy Bible shall be read, without comment, at the opening of each public school day. Any child shall be excused from such Bible reading, or attending such Bible reading, upon written request of his parent or guardian. This was disallowed by a federal district court. Murray was brought to trial by an atheist: Madalyn Murray (later OHair), who was working on behalf of her sons, William and Garth. Murray challenged a Baltimore statute that provided for the reading, without comment, of a chapter of the Holy Bible and/or of the Lords Prayer before the start of classes. This statute was upheld by both a state court and the Maryland Court of Appeals. Court Decision Arguments for both cases were heard on the 27th and 28th of February, 1963. On the 17th of June, 1963, the Court ruled 8-1 against of allowing the reciting of the Bible verses and the Lords Prayer. Justice Clark wrote at length in his majority opinion about the history and importance of religion in America, but his conclusion was that the Constitution forbids any establishment of religion, that prayer is a form of religion, and that hence state-sponsored or mandated Bible reading in public schools cannot be allowed. For the first time, a test was created to evaluate Establishment questions before courts: ...what are the purpose and primary effect of the enactment. If either is the advancement or inhibition of religion then the enactment exceeds the scope of legislative power as circumscribed by the Constitution. That is to say that to withstand the structures of the Establishment Clause there must be a secular legislative purpose and a primary effect that neither advances nor inhibits religion. [emphasis added] Justice Brennan wrote in a concurring opinion that, while legislators argued that they had a secular purpose with their law, their goals could have been achieved with readings from secular document. The law, however, only specified the use of religious literature and prayer. That the Bible readings were to be made without comment demonstrated even further that the legislators knew that they were dealing with specifically religious literature and wanted to avoid sectarian interpretations. A violation of the Free Exercise Clause was also created by the coercive effect of the readings. That this might entail only minor encroachments on the First Amendment, as argued by others, was irrelevant. The comparative study of religion in public schools is not prohibited, for example, but those religious observances were not created with such studies in mind. Significance of the Case This case was essentially a repeat of the Courts earlier Court Decision in Engel v. Vitale, in which the Court identified constitutional violations and struck the legislation. As with Engel, the Court held that the voluntary nature of religious exercises (even allowing parents to exempt their children) did not prevent the statutes from violating the Establishment Clause. There was, of course, an intensely negative public reaction. In May 1964, there were more than 145 proposed constitutional amendments in the House of Representatives which would permit school prayer and effectively reverse both decisions. Representative L. Mendell Rivers accused the Court of legislating - they never adjudicate - with one eye on the Kremlin and the other on the NAACP. Cardinal Spellman claimed that the decision struck ...at the very heart of the Godly tradition in which Americas children have for so long been raised. Although people commonly claim that Murray, who later founded the American Atheists, was the women who got prayer kicked out of public schools (and she was willing to take the credit), it should be clear that even had she never existed, the Schempp case still would have come to the Court and neither case dealt directly with school prayer at all - they were, instead, about Bible readings in public schools.

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

HEALTH LAW AND ETHICS - Essay Example h traditional organization in the system leaves a question mark to many people since a lot has changed as far as labor systems, technology and introduction of new scientific inventions. Most Americans are well alert of the many hardship with the current national health care system compared to a decade ago. Lack of access to inexpensive health insurance and the rising of health care is of prodigious concern to many American citizens (Kronenfeld 70). Unlike before, any working families fear getting sick or injured since they cannot afford basic health care or health insurance (Kronenfeld 59). Many individuals get turned away from insurance firms because of pre - existing medical conditions or illnesses. Others lose their health insurance after they change their jobs or get laid off from work. The cost of health care and health insurance is rising at a rate faster than inflation and wages. According to a study by Kaiser Family Foundation, carried out from 2000 to 2006, wages increased 3.8%, the general inflation rate increased 3.5%, while health care premiums increased 86% (Kronenfeld 46). Most of the uninsured comprise of working Americans who cannot manage to afford the health insurance cost. It is evident that these health hardships faced today did not exist in the earlier

Political changes in Europe due to the Rennaissance Essay

Political changes in Europe due to the Rennaissance - Essay Example The individual fame and development of trade and commerce became the main force that changed the political thinking and consequently the political history of Europe. Renaissance period is also known for consolidation of political power through the increased trade and commerce activities and consolidation. ‘Renaissance had brought an end for the most part to feudalism, the medieval form of political organization’ (Renaissance). The various Italian cities went for self rule and Monarchies also consolidated their position and political power through matrimonial alliances. Eminent diplomat and writer Leonardo Bruni believed in the representative form of government that was inclined towards the welfare of the society and encouraged patriotism. The period saw dramatic changes in the political, social and cultural environment of Europe that was based on scientific and cultural interpretation rather than religious orthodoxy. Discovery of new land by Vasco de Gama and Columbus greatly helped in the expansion of European power across the globe. England, France, Portugal, Italy and Germany all tried to establish their rule in far flung places like Africa, Asia and New America. The tradition of owning man as slaves was also started during the time and slaves from Africa were transported to America to be used as free thus establishing slavery. The renaissance is also known as an age of enlightenment because of the rebirth of cultural and literary supremacy of the Europe. The revolutionary political philosophy of Machiavelli is the highlight of the period who believed that the end justified the act. The decline of Roman Catholic Church can be contributed mainly to the philosophy of Bruni and Machialvelli, both of whom believed that religion and politics are two separate issues. Renaissance also saw the emergence of women in the corridor of power of the European

CUSTOMER & CROSS-CULTURAL EXPERIENCES Case Study

CUSTOMER & CROSS-CULTURAL EXPERIENCES - Case Study Example The laser treatment costs may be less as opposed to the physician model indicating that customers or patients have alternatives to choose from depending on their financial capability. The annual cosmetic surgery procedures are possible to be estimated. For example, in 2001 over 8.5million cosmetic surgical cases were undertaken. Moreover, doctors made more than 125,000 skin operations of non-ablative state. The strategy to effectively market the company is to prioritize on all product cycles but more so innovation and design factors in cosmetic surgery operations. Additionally, the company will be forced to consider legal, political and economic performance of the country (Baumann, Elliott & Hamin 2011). They also need to focus on present market size, market share, activities of competitors. Besides, they should assess the influence of substitute products including LED gadgets and reflect on the negotiating potential of current and prospective clients (Jobber 2012). They should also go on to bid the design and manufacture from the Light Sciences Company of Virginia Beach regarding newer forms of gentle waves. In the long run, it will take advantage of economies of scale and improved bargaining ability than actually creating a manufacturing line. With the position of a CEO, I would invest in research and development of surgical skin treatment, improve client service and take advantage of new design to negotiate with suppliers. I will also motivate the existing skilled personnel to cope with increasing numbers of clients and demands of a good enterprise. Problem 2 Part A: The film shows the significance of combining talents to create a business empire through computer technology. Three guys had exceptional talents of computer software, hardware and security. The strategy used in this film evaluation of innovation and design factors which are specific to the information industry. Exceptional skills are needed in development of a prototype to support current comput er (Jobber 2012). From the student perspective, developing and integrated piece will satisfy user expectation in computer technology. Consequently, free enterprise starts from innovation and design procedures to oversee continuous streams of future income (Baumann, Elliott & Hamin 2011). The team will benefit from patents and copyrights laws that safeguard and uphold their growth in design; inspiration and originality so will the few competitors. There are available substitutes, though not expected to pose a huge threat since invention is unique. In addition, buyers will undoubtedly purchase the product because it satisfies their expectations and desires. There are few suppliers in this industry owing to the cost intensive nature of the operations. Competitive are also few though posing a huge threat to the market share. Continuous investment in technology will humble the effect of competitors. Rivalry between competitors is expected to reduce since entry will be constricted (Bauman n, Elliott & Hamin 2011). Part B: The first stage is the forming stage comprising of an individual’s yearning to bring together colleagues with common interest. They then focus on forming a team, assigning roles and convening meetings. This stage has a lot of learning, autonomy and knowledge exchange. Storming stage consists of combinations of

Thomas Hardy sometimes uses the landscape to reflect mood of his charac

Thomas Hardy sometimes uses the landscape to reflect mood of his characters. Choose two brief extracts (about two pages each) where he does this; one when Tess is happy and another when she is not. How does Hardy reflect Tess's mood through landscape in these extracts? 1) Thomas Hardy sometimes uses the landscape to reflect mood of his characters. Choose two brief extracts (about two pages each) where he does this; one when Tess is happy and another when she is not. How does Hardy reflect Tess's mood through landscape in these extracts? How does Lawrence use setting and place in 'Tickets Please'? How do these two writers manage to convey a sense of the time at which these stories are written? The first extract I have chosen to analyse in Tess of the D'Urbervilles when Tess is happy is In the Rally XVI on page 132-134. This melts in to the happy mood of Tess as she has set out from home for the second time to the Talbothays dairy, where she meets Angel. In employing the Nature motif into Hardy's work, he has been able to use it to describe the character feelings. The second extract in which nature echo's Tess's not so happy mood is 'The Maiden No More' XVI, pages 109-110. Hardy has used the language in the Rally XVI extract to show what state of mind Tess is in. Firstly he uses adverbs that help to set the mood, and give the landscape a more vivid description. Examples of some of the adverbs Hardy uses are, 'luxuriantly', 'intensely', 'wonderfully', 'profusely', 'continually'. These words are all associated with happiness and cheeriness and do not give the text a sense of gloom, and are generally enthusiastic words. Tess also describes the landscape as being, 'more cheering' in the Rally, and th... ...ters have used the settings to set their characters moods. Hardy has distinctly done this making it quite obvious for a reader to pick out grammatical and philosophical elements. Lawrence has used the setting to determine what will happen to the characters and what sort of climax or twist that he wants to build into the story. This is evident in the beginning of Tickets Please when a gloomy atmosphere is set, making one of the protagonist's Annie, feeling dull and not aroused. Then Lawrence uses the exciting funfair to set the mood of love and passion, and then finally the climax of the fight, fortified by description of the room. In conclusion both writers have similar ways of expressing the scenery through usage of grammatical tools, but different ways of displaying this, and have variations in their style of writing and the intensity of the language. Thomas Hardy sometimes uses the landscape to reflect mood of his charac Thomas Hardy sometimes uses the landscape to reflect mood of his characters. Choose two brief extracts (about two pages each) where he does this; one when Tess is happy and another when she is not. How does Hardy reflect Tess's mood through landscape in these extracts? 1) Thomas Hardy sometimes uses the landscape to reflect mood of his characters. Choose two brief extracts (about two pages each) where he does this; one when Tess is happy and another when she is not. How does Hardy reflect Tess's mood through landscape in these extracts? How does Lawrence use setting and place in 'Tickets Please'? How do these two writers manage to convey a sense of the time at which these stories are written? The first extract I have chosen to analyse in Tess of the D'Urbervilles when Tess is happy is In the Rally XVI on page 132-134. This melts in to the happy mood of Tess as she has set out from home for the second time to the Talbothays dairy, where she meets Angel. In employing the Nature motif into Hardy's work, he has been able to use it to describe the character feelings. The second extract in which nature echo's Tess's not so happy mood is 'The Maiden No More' XVI, pages 109-110. Hardy has used the language in the Rally XVI extract to show what state of mind Tess is in. Firstly he uses adverbs that help to set the mood, and give the landscape a more vivid description. Examples of some of the adverbs Hardy uses are, 'luxuriantly', 'intensely', 'wonderfully', 'profusely', 'continually'. These words are all associated with happiness and cheeriness and do not give the text a sense of gloom, and are generally enthusiastic words. Tess also describes the landscape as being, 'more cheering' in the Rally, and th... ...ters have used the settings to set their characters moods. Hardy has distinctly done this making it quite obvious for a reader to pick out grammatical and philosophical elements. Lawrence has used the setting to determine what will happen to the characters and what sort of climax or twist that he wants to build into the story. This is evident in the beginning of Tickets Please when a gloomy atmosphere is set, making one of the protagonist's Annie, feeling dull and not aroused. Then Lawrence uses the exciting funfair to set the mood of love and passion, and then finally the climax of the fight, fortified by description of the room. In conclusion both writers have similar ways of expressing the scenery through usage of grammatical tools, but different ways of displaying this, and have variations in their style of writing and the intensity of the language.

Interview Skills Essay

1. List three key components involved in the communication process. †¢Sender (encoder). †¢Channel (Message). †¢Receiver (Decoder). 2. Identify three key characteristics of effective communication and briefly explain their impact on the communication process. Openness is a key characteristic of communication, as by listening with an open mind and showing genuine interest, the relationship and trust between the client and counsellor grows. Openness with body language is also important, as it lets the client know you are being honest and congruent. Empathy is another important characteristic, as by being empathetic you are concerned, understand, and care for the client thereby making a warm, friendly environment that is safe for the client to be able to talk freely. Thirdly, positiveness is important in communication. Using positive rather than negative messages, both verbal and non-verbal, shows the client that you respect them, their beliefs and believe in their ability to gain personal awareness and growth. 3. In the communication processes between a client and a counsellor, barriers may be present. List three specific communication barriers. †¢Environment. †¢Timing. †¢Perceptions. 4. Take one of the communication barriers given in your answer to the question above, and briefly describe how you would apply strategies to overcome these barriers. Environmental factors can be a barrier to listening as outside noise, telephones and even other people talking can distract you from getting a clear message and understanding of what the client is saying. To avoid this clients should be seen in a fairly soundproof room, with the windows and door shut to cut out excess noise. Also if possible, your phone should be on silent, so as not to distract either yourself or your client’s line of thought. 5. List two basic micro-skills of counselling and briefly describe how they can be used to facilitate the relationship between counsellor and client. To facilitate a good client and counsellor relationship, the use of active listening is very important so as the client feels they are heard, understood and respected. The counsellor needs to focus on what is being said, as well as how it is said, so they get a clear understanding. The counsellor also has to not let listening barriers distract them or the client. Barriers can include; judging, filtering, day dreaming or environmental factors. Paraphrasing is another micro-skill that builds a good rapport. By the counsellor picking the most important details and reflecting them back to the client, they are clarifying what has been said and the client knows that the counsellor is listening and understands what they are saying. Paraphrasing also help build trust and promotes sharing. 6. List one advanced micro-skill of counselling and briefly explain how it can be used in the counselling process. One advanced micro-skill of counselling is to challenge the client. This is used in the counselling process to assist making the client aware of faulty thinking, self-limiting and destructive behaviours and beliefs. It is very important though, to only use this micro-skill once the counsellor has built a good relationship with the client, and then, it should only be used where really necessary. Then with this new awareness, hopefully, the client is open to explore more positive beliefs, thinking and behaviours.

The Great Pyramids of Giza are located in northern part of...

The Great Pyramids of Giza are located in northern part of Egypt right besides the Nile River. The oldest and major â€Å"is the only surviving structure out of the famed seven wonders of the ancient world.† The other wonders are: The Colossus of Rhodes, The Statue of Zeus at Olympia, The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and The Lighthouse of Alexandria. The Great Pyramids was constructed for King Khufu son of King Sneferu. Three separate and diminutive pyramids were built around King’s Khufu pyramid; believe to be for each of his queens. Archeologists have also discovered a tomb nearby of what is believed to be the King Khufu mother. Also like most pyramids in Egypt, Khufu’s is†¦show more content†¦Also as you look at the structure you will see that entrance hall is on the north side standing about 59 feet from the ground. Once inside you will notice how small and narrow the passage ways to th e chambers are. the It makes you think about the size of humans at that time and how impossible it most have been to build this wonders of world. Another fact about the construction is where did the individuals who helped build the Great Pyramid came from. Some believe they were slaves from all the nations the Egyptian empire ruled but further studies of skeletons exhumed from the site show that the workers were most likely Egyptians laborers believe to work on the pyramids when the Nile River swamped the land close to it. They also built a small community right next to the site which included bakeries, grocery stores, carpenter shops, etc. I had the opportunity to travel to Egypt and see the Great Pyramid and I was able to read or hear from our guide a few facts about this monumental structure. Here are some of facts I learned: the pyramids are aligned with the Constellation of Orion. The Great Pyramids is the most accurately aligned structure in existence and faces truth north with only 3/60th of a degree of error (Tompkins). The coffer in the King’s chambers is massive, thus impossible to fit thru the passage.Show MoreRelatedComparison between the Great Wall and Egyptian Pyramids1749 Words   |  7 Pagesremained intact-the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt, which is also the oldest of the ancient wonders. On the west bank of the Nile River, there are three pyramid erected on a rocky plateau in Giza in the northern part of Egypt. These pyramids were named after these kings-Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure-agree with the kings names, and one of the most famous pyramids is the pyramid of Khufu, also known as the Great Pyramid, because it is the largest of the three. The Great Pyramid was built for Khufu,Read MoreAccording to the modern researchers, the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations likely seem very1200 Words   |  5 Pageswhich is their located differently. Egypt lies on the fertile Nile River valley , and desert around it.The Nile river have effect to Egyptians culture, it gave a rich natural fertilizing elements that helped Egyptian to grow plants. Also, Egyptian civilization formed by 3000 B.C. E., and they benefited from trade and technological. Back to Mesopotamia, it was located between Tigris and Euphrates river. Mesopotamia is made up of two regions, northern and southern. The Northern Mesopotamia wasRead MoreThe Mesopotamia And The Nile River Valley1596 Words   |  7 PagesMesopotamia and the Nile River Valley. These two civilizations are two of the most favorable ancient civilizations. Although these civilizations are similar in many ways, the small, but impacting differences it what makes these two civilizations stand out the most. The Nile River Valley was located in northern Africa in a country called Egypt. Mesopotamia was located in modern day Iraq, Iran, Syria, Kuwait, and parts of Turkey. The origin of Mesopotamia comes from the meaning â€Å"between two rivers.† The landRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pagesmake airtight pottery for storage. These discoveries transformed them from gatherers to producers, allowing them to grow in number and to lead a settled life. Beginning about 5,000 years ago, a far more complex way of life began to appear in some parts of the world. In these places humans learned how to increase harvests through irrigation and other methods. Much larger populations came together in towns, cities, and other centers, where they erected impressive structures and where industry and